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Philip F. Dobson Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK

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Michael R. Reed Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK

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from venepuncture to major surgery became universally accepted as a method for reducing infection rates. The development of antibiotics and their use in surgical prophylaxis in many branches of surgical practice has also become commonplace, and has

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Michael de Buys Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Krisantha Moodley Emergency Department, ER Consulting, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Josip Nenad Cakic Department Orthopaedic Surgery, Life Fourways Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Jurek R T Pietrzak Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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an ageing population, so too does the incidence of complications. Definitions Surgical site infections (SSIs) are defined as infections occurring within 90 days of surgery involving the skin or subcutaneous tissue, in the region of the body

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Martin McNally The Bone infection Unit, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK

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Irene Sigmund The Bone infection Unit, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria

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Andrew Hotchen The Bone infection Unit, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK

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Ricardo Sousa Porto Bone and Joint Infection Group (GRIP), Department of Orthopaedics, Centro Hospitalar Universitario Santo António and CUF-Hospitais e Clinicas, Portugal

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Introduction Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) has been identified as the second most common cause of revision after knee arthroplasty and the fourth commonest cause in hips, in the United Kingdom ( 1 ). This may be a major underestimation as

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Marjan Wouthuyzen-Bakker Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

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Introduction Historically, cultures are considered as the gold standard in diagnosing any type of infection. However, cultures can be negative in many infectious diseases, including periprosthetic joint infections (PJI), in particular when a

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Martin McNally The Oxford Bone Infection Unit, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK

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Geertje Govaert Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Maria Dudareva The Oxford Bone Infection Unit, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK

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Mario Morgenstern Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland

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Willem-Jan Metsemakers Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Introduction Successful treatment of a fracture is aimed at promoting bone healing and good functional recovery with the avoidance of complications which may impair function or prolong treatment. When an infection occurs, this can be a

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Ricardo Sousa Department of Orthopaedics, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Porto Bone and Joint Infection Group (GRIP), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and Grupo TrofaSaude, Portugal

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André Carvalho Department of Orthopaedics, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Ana Cláudia Santos Porto Bone and Joint Infection Group (GRIP), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and Grupo TrofaSaude, Portugal
Department of Microbiology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Miguel Araújo Abreu Porto Bone and Joint Infection Group (GRIP), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and Grupo TrofaSaude, Portugal
Department of Microbiology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Introduction Infection is a serious complication that affects all fields of orthopaedics and traumatology. Even though in certain specific conditions infection can be assumed even in the absence of isolated pathogens, adequate microbiological

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Sylvain Steinmetz Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland

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Diane Wernly Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland

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Kevin Moerenhout Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland

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Andrej Trampuz Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery (CMSC), Berlin, Germany

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Olivier Borens Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland

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Introduction Infection after fracture fixation (IAFF) in orthopaedic surgery is a dreaded complication, leading to non-union, loss of function, and even amputation. It is not only a source of morbidity and mortality, 1 but it also brings

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Razvan Ene Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
Bucharest Emergency Clinical Hospital, Romania

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Mihai Nica Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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Dragos Ene Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
Bucharest Emergency Clinical Hospital, Romania

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Adrian Cursaru Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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Catalin Cirstoiu Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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Introduction Infection associated with orthopaedic implants or surgical site infections is a deleterious complication, resulting in considerable rates of morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, management of this complication is incredibly

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Joseph Genevière Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Co-first authors and equal contributors

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Shawna McCallin Department of Neuro-Urology, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
Co-first authors and equal contributors

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Angela Huttner Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland

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Truong-Thanh Pham Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Bone Infection Unit, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland

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Domizio Suva Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Bone Infection Unit, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland

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Introduction Bone and joint infections include any infection of the bone (osteomyelitis), joint (septic arthritis) or implants related to these structures (periprosthetic joint infections [PJI], fracture-related infections [FRI] involving

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Jeya Palan Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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Ciaran Nolan Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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Kostas Sarantos Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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Richard Westerman Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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Richard King Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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Pedro Foguet Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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Introduction Periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) remain a difficult and challenging complication of all joint arthroplasty surgery. The incidence of a PJI after a primary total hip replacement (THR) or knee replacement (TKR) is reported as

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