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the extended fingers are the two most common cosmetic reasons presented by the patients. 16 , 18 The most common technique in regard to metacarpal lengthening is gradual distraction/bone lengthening with an external fixator ( Fig. 3 ). Cosmesis as
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is needed. This relates to a defect that does not heal spontaneously and remains unchanged in control animals when properly immobilized by an external fixator, a plate or a nail. The size of the critical defect depends of the animal and the bone
St George’s, University of London, London, UK
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tissue release, ADTH, DTO, and gradual distraction with circular external fixator. Three studies reported pre-operative serial casting. 38 , 40 , 41 TAL in the relapsed clubfoot demonstrated success according to the authors’ definition in 73% of
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necrosis due to excessive haematoma formation or late presentation of fractures in an infected state may require external fixators. In patients with nonunion, total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is another possible surgical treatment ( Fig. 4 ). 13 , 18 Fig
