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Daniel Bachman University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, USA

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Akin Cil University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, USA

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polished cobalt- chrome metal spool is shaped to mimic the native capitellum and trochlea. The stem has medial and lateral fins as well as an anterior flange to provide additional rotational stability. Reconstruction or repair of the medial and lateral

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Antonio Cartucho Shoulder and Elbow Unit, Hospital Cuf Descobertas, Lisbon, Portugal

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). Reversed subacromial decompression ( 22 ) and ‘interposition techniques’ like subacromial balloon ( 23 ) and superior capsule reconstruction (SRC) ( 24 ) aim to give pain relief and ameliorate function by facilitating the slide of the humeral head under the

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Hagen Fritzsche University Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany

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Anne Weidlich University Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany

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Klaus-Dieter Schaser University Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany

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Elisabeth Mehnert University Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany

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Doreen Winkler University Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany

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Stefan Rammelt University Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany

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ones. The choice of the respective treatment method depends primarily on the local tendency to recur, the complication rate of the respective method, the opportunities for defect reconstruction, the resulting functional deficits and patient

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Emilio Calvo Shoulder and Elbow Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain

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María Valencia Shoulder and Elbow Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain

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Antonio Maria Foruria Shoulder and Elbow Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain

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Juan Aguilar Gonzalez Shoulder and Elbow Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain

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). Additionally, magnetic resonance arthrogram can be useful to define soft tissue injuries, calculate glenoid track, and define any signs of fatty degeneration or atrophy of the muscles as well as cartilage status. Figure 1 CT scan 3D reconstruction of a

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Sohail Yousaf Kingston Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK
University of Brighton, UK

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Edward J.C. Dawe Western Sussex Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
Brighton and Sussex Medical Schools, UK

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Alan Saleh Kingston Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK

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Ian R. Gill Kingston Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK

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Alex Wee Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK

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neurovascular theory suggests that nerve damage results in increased local vascularity. This precipitates osteoclastic activation with secondary osteopenia, fractures and deformity. 7 The neurotraumatic theory suggests that microtrauma in insensate joints

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Elena Bravo Plastic Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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Raul Barco Upper Limb Unit, Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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E. Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Haemophilia Orthopedic Unit, Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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due to the success of haematological prophylaxis to prevent these problems. Carpal tunnel syndrome Haemophilia can cause haemarthrosis and haematomas, with the latter potentially resulting in compartment syndrome and nerve compression, acute

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Olga D. Savvidou First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘ATTIKON’ Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Panagiotis Koutsouradis Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mediterraneo Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Ioanna K. Bolia First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘ATTIKON’ Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Angelos Kaspiris Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology/Sector for Bone Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece

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George D. Chloros First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘ATTIKON’ Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Panayiotis J. Papagelopoulos First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘ATTIKON’ Hospital, Athens, Greece

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chondromas or due to the growth of a solitary synovial chondroma, have been described as ‘giant solitary synovial osteochondromatosis’. 9 The last may cause ulnar nerve neuropathy due to nerve compression. 6 , 10 , 11 The diagnosis is based on plain

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Maartje Michielsen Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

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Annemieke Van Haver Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

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Matthias Vanhees Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

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Roger van Riet Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

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Frederik Verstreken Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

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Introduction Upper limb fractures are common injuries and affect people of all ages. As clinical studies have shown a significant correlation between anatomical reduction and joint function, reconstruction of normal anatomy is one of the key

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Joaquín Sanchez-Sotelo Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Mark Morrey Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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. To prevent persistent instability after these injuries, the surgeon must decide which structures require surgical repair or reconstruction and how to best deal with each of these. 1 The term ‘complex elbow instability’ was introduced to

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Raul Barco Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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Olga D. Savvidou Athens University Medical School, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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John W. Sperling Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA

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Joaquín Sanchez-Sotelo Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA

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Robert H. Cofield Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA

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post-operative event that was likely to have a negative influence on the final outcome (infection, dislocation, nerve problems, aseptic loosening of any component, disassociation of the components or glenoid screw problems). 14 They used the term

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