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Amer Sebaaly Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bellevue Medical Center University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Lebanon.
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Unit, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Canada.

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Maroun Rizkallah Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bellevue Medical Center University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Lebanon.

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Guillaume Riouallon Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph, France.

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Zhi Wang Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Unit, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Canada.

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Pierre Emmanuel Moreau Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph, France.

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Falah Bachour Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bellevue Medical Center University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Lebanon.

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Ghassan Maalouf Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bellevue Medical Center University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Lebanon.

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protect neural elements and maintain/restore neurologic function; (2) to prevent or correct segmental collapse and deformity; (3) to prevent spinal instability and pain; (4) to permit early ambulation and return to function; and (5) to restore normal

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Emanuele Diquattro Ortopedia-Traumatologia e Chirurgia Protesica e dei Reimpianti d'anca e di Ginocchio, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Sonja Jahnke Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Brandenburg an der Havel, Medical School Brandenburg, Germany

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Francesco Traina Ortopedia-Traumatologia e Chirurgia Protesica e dei Reimpianti d'anca e di Ginocchio, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Francesco Perdisa Department of Orthopaedics, Villa Erbosa Hospital, Bologna, Italy

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Roland Becker Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Brandenburg an der Havel, Medical School Brandenburg, Germany

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Sebastian Kopf Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Brandenburg an der Havel, Medical School Brandenburg, Germany

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). Failure of ACL-R is defined by a history of previous primary ACL-R with a new onset of clinical symptoms such as instability and possibly giving way episodes. Additionally, positive Lachman and/or pivot shift tests are expected. The diagnosis of graft

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Maciej Otworowski Idea Ortopedia, Warsaw, Poland

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Dariusz Grzelecki Department of Orthopedics and Rheumoorthopedics, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Otwock, Poland

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Krzysztof Starszak Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Andrzej Boszczyk Trauma and Orthopedics Department, Centre of Posgraduate Medical Education, Otwock, Poland

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Mateusz Piorunek Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

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Bartłomiej Kordasiewicz Idea Ortopedia, Warsaw, Poland
Trauma and Orthopedics Department, Centre of Posgraduate Medical Education, Otwock, Poland

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surgery 2.8 Implant instability 2.65 Excessive deltoid lengthening 1.04 Previous shoulder operations 2.91 2.8 Early bilateral shoulder arthroplasty 4.18 Inflammatory arthritis 2

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Andreas Fontalis Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, UK
Academic Unit of Bone Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK

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Eustathios Kenanidis Academic Orthopaedic Unit, Aristotle University Medical School, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
Centre of Orthopaedic and Regenerative Medicine (CORE), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Katharine Bennett-Brown Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Chelsea, London, UK

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Eleftherios Tsiridis Academic Orthopaedic Unit, Aristotle University Medical School, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
Centre of Orthopaedic and Regenerative Medicine (CORE), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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deformities are far more common. 5 Postural instability predisposes Parkinson’s individuals to sustain a fall, whereas reduced bone mineral density is the sequelae of vitamin D deficiency, physical impairment and immobilization induced hypercalcaemia. 6

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Maurizio Calcagni University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland

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Thomas Giesen University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland

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radiological, mainly DRUJ instability and sigmoid notch erosion (see below). It was impossible to extrapolate an overall percentage of the cases that required soft tissue stabilisation and/or interposition or any further procedure. Only in one study was the

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Carlos A. Encinas-Ullán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain

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José M. Martínez-Diez Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain

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E. Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain

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compression or vertical shear injuries, more rigid configurations are necessary. Conventional anterior EF of the pelvis does not allow control of posterior instability of the pelvic ring. Therefore, posterior pelvic EF has been described by the use of C

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Mario Herrera-Pérez Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopaedic Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
School of Medicine, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

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Pablo Martín-Vélez Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopaedic Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain

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David González-Martín Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopaedic Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
School of Medicine, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

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Miguel Domínguez-Meléndez Foot and Ankle Unit, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain

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Ahmed E Galhoum Specialty Doctor Trauma and Orthopaedics, George Eliot Hospital NHS Trust, Nuneaton, UK

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Victor Valderrabano Schmerzklinik, Basel, Switzerland
University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Sergio Tejero Foot and Ankle Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
School of Medicine, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain

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( 25 ). Fracture stability The instability of the fracture has been considered an inclusion criterion in 6 of the 11 articles studied. Unstable ankle fractures are those which cannot be properly controlled using closed reduction and cast

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Andy Craig Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK

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S W King Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK

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B H van Duren Leeds Institute of Rheumatic Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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V T Veysi Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute of Rheumatic Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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S Jain Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute of Rheumatic Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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J Palan Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute of Rheumatic Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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spacers also less frequently require extensile surgical approaches upon second-stage surgery ( 67 , 69 , 78 , 79 ). Instability and other complications Hip Recognised complications of dynamic spacers for the hip include dislocation, spacer

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Haroon Majeed Wrightington Hospital, UK

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Donald J. McBride The Royal Stoke University Hospital, UK

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 - Fracture of the entire posterior process of the talus. Type 4: a severe form of fracture of either of the processes and associated instability or dislocation of the subtalar joint. Management The literature lacks a consensus on the optimum

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Dominic Davenport Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Princess Royal University Hospital & King’s College Hospital, UK

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Venu Kavarthapu Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Princess Royal University Hospital & King’s College Hospital, UK

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has been described as the single most important factor in determining the risk of dislocation following THA. 9 Furthermore, instability and dislocation after primary THA is the most common single reason for revision surgery, accounting for 22

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