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Tristan Ferry Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
Centre de Références des IOA Complexes de Lyon, CRIOAc Lyon, Lyon, France
StaPath team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, CIRI, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, UCBL1, Lyon, France
Education and Clinical Officer of the ESCMID Study Group for Non-traditional Antibacterial Therapy (ESGNTA)

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Jolien Onsea Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, Leuven, Belgium

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Tiphaine Roussel-Gaillard Institut des Agents Infectieux, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie du Nord, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France

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Cécile Batailler Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique et de Médecine du Sport, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France

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Thomas Fintan Moriarty AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, Davos Platz, Switzerland

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Willem-Jan Metsemakers Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, Leuven, Belgium

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, limited mobility, and a higher mortality rate compared to patients who do not develop this complication ( 3 , 6 ). Management concepts consist of a combined surgical and antibiotic treatment approach. Because these infections are biofilm

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Gerardo Fusco Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
These authors contributed equally to the article and should both be considered first authors

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Francesco M. Gambaro Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
These authors contributed equally to the article and should both be considered first authors

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Berardo Di Matteo Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
First Moscow State Medical University – Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia

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Elizaveta Kon Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy

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-articular injection of CS is perhaps the most common conservative approach in the treatment of knee OA. The rationale behind its use relies on its immunosuppressive activity in the knee joint acting at different levels of the inflammatory cascade. In particular, it

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John Edwin Kings College Hospital, London, UK

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Shahbaz Ahmed Pulvertaft Hand Centre, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK

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Shobhit Verma Kings College Hospital, London, UK

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Graham Tytherleigh-Strong Cambridge University Hospitals, UK

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Karthik Karuppaiah Kings College Hospital, London, UK

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Joydeep Sinha Kings College Hospital, London, UK

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better functional outcomes than if treated solely by open reduction (92% vs. 76% excellent/good results). De Jong and Sukul 34 have reported good long-term results with conservative treatment. Ten patients were evaluated after a mean follow-up period

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Reinier Feitz Hand and Wrist Center, Xpert Clinics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Yara E. van Kooij Hand and Wrist Center, Xpert Clinics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Marloes H. P. ter Stege Hand and Wrist Center, Xpert Clinics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Mark J. W. van der Oest Hand and Wrist Center, Xpert Clinics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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J. Sebastiaan Souer Hand and Wrist Center, Xpert Clinics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Robbert M. Wouters Hand and Wrist Center, Xpert Clinics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Harm P. Slijper Hand and Wrist Center, Xpert Clinics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Ruud W. Selles Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Steven E. R. Hovius Hand and Wrist Center, Xpert Clinics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Hand–Wrist Study Group RAM Blomme, BJR Sluijter, DJJC van der Avoort, A Kroeze, J Smit, J Debeij, ET Walbeehm, GM van Couwelaar, Guus M Vermeulen, JP de Schipper, JFM Temming, JH van Uchelen, HL de Boer, KP de Haas, K Harmsen, OT Zöphel, R Koch, TM Moojen, X Smit, GJ Halbesma, R van Huis, PY Pennehouat, K Schoneveld, YE van Kooij, RM Wouters, JJ Veltkamp, A Fink, WA de Ridder, J Tsehaie, R Poelstra, MC Janssen, PO Sun, VJMM Schrier, L Hoogendam, JS Teunissen, Jak Dekker, M Jansen-Landheer

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and operational parameters such as the number of new consultations, revenue in the outpatient clinic, revenue in the surgical theatre, number of procedures, total surgical fee, percentage of conservative treatment, and case-mix complexity. In the

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Amer Sebaaly School of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
Orthopedic Department, Spine Unit, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon

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Sarah Farjallah Orthopedic Department, Spine Unit, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon

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Khalil Kharrat Orthopedic Department, Spine Unit, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon

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Gaby Kreichati School of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
Orthopedic Department, Spine Unit, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon

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Mohammad Daher School of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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conservative and operative treatment ( 2 ). The purpose of this narrative review is to provide a treatment algorithm for this disease after reviewing its physiopathology. Etiology and pathophysiology Until now, the exact etiology of SK is still unknown

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George D Chloros Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Orthopaedic Surgery Working Group, Society of Junior Doctors, Athens, Greece

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Christos D Kakos Orthopaedic Surgery Working Group, Society of Junior Doctors, Athens, Greece

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Ioannis K Tastsidis Orthopaedic Surgery Working Group, Society of Junior Doctors, Athens, Greece
University of Patras, School of Medicine, Patras, Greece

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Vasileios P Giannoudis Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Michalis Panteli Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Peter V Giannoudis Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Center, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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warranted, including screening of vitamin D levels ( 45 , 46 ). Management Conservative or surgical treatment is decided based on the fracture type, associated injuries, and individual patient characteristics. There is a plethora of non

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Carol C. Hasler University Children’s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland

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Daniel Studer University Children’s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland

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so in neglected cases. Conservative treatment is therefore not a valid option. Early surgery includes vastus lateralis releases combined with medial shortening and patellar tendon re-routing. In cases where the vastus approach does not provide

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Lei Yao Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Jie Cai West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Junqiao Li Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Yan Xiong Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Jian Li Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Introduction Knee arthroscopy is the replacement choice for patients with symptomatic degenerative arthropathy who have failed conservative treatment, such as intra-articular loose bodies and meniscal pathology. Postoperative joint pain and

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Amer Sebaaly Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bellevue Medical Center University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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Maroun Rizkallah Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bellevue Medical Center University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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Falah Bachour Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bellevue Medical Center University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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Firas Atallah Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bellevue Medical Center University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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Pierre Emmanuel Moreau Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph, Paris, France

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Ghassan Maalouf Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bellevue Medical Center University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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Neuroradiol 2007 ; 28 : 555 - 560 . 18 Klazen CA , Lohle PN , de Vries J , et al. . Vertebroplasty versus conservative treatment in acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (Vertos II): an open-label randomised

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Ignacio Rodriguez Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile

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Matías Sepúlveda Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
AO Foundation, PAEG Expert Group, Davos, Switzerland
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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Estefanía Birrer Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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María Jesús Tuca Clinica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
Hospital Clínico Mutual de Seguridad, Santiago, Chile

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compromised. There are two possibilities for treatment: conservative management and surgical management ( Fig. 12 ). When analysing the literature for the management of this type of fracture, we found that 88% of published cases were treated using surgical

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