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Luca Dei Giudici Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Science DISCLIMO, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy

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Andrea Faini Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Science DISCLIMO, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy

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Luca Garro II Orthopaedic Division, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, ICOT, Latina, Italy

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Agostino Tucciarone II Orthopaedic Division, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, ICOT, Latina, Italy

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Antonio Gigante Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Science DISCLIMO, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy

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assistance during reduction or during any phase of the surgery, were analysed. Selected papers met the following inclusion criteria: treatment of an articular or periarticular fracture; involvement of the shoulder, elbow or wrist joint; use of arthroscopy

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Le Tang Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China

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Yong-Hui Zhang Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China

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Shu-Hao Du Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China

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Xue-Qiang Wang Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China

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Office worker ‘Neck pain was defined as pain in the head and neck region, shades in a drawing of the head, neck and shoulder area’ 53% (1 week); 65% (1 year); 78% (lifetime) 30–39: 33% 40–49: 49% >50: 11

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Lorenzo Massimo Oldrini Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland

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Pietro Feltri Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland

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Jacopo Albanese Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland

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Stefano Lucchina Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
Surgical Department - Hand Surgery Unit EOC, Locarno's Regional Hospital, Locarno, Switzerland
Locarno Hand Center, Locarno, Switzerland

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Giuseppe Filardo Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

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Christian Candrian Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

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author solved any possible discrepancy. Outcomes evaluated Functional outcomes were evaluated through the Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire and the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) questionnaire, reported at 3 and

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Nicolas de l’Escalopier Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, France
Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Traumatologie et Chirurgie Réparatrice des Membres, Hôpital d’Instruction des Armées Percy, France

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Marjorie Salga Service de médecine physique et réadaptation, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, France

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Laure Gatin Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, France

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François Genêt Service de médecine physique et réadaptation, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, France

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Philippe Denormandie Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, France

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  • Traumatic neurological lesions may lead to development of heterotopic ossification. These cases are classified as ‘neurogenic heterotopic ossifications’ (NHOs). The associated neurological lesions can be caused by cranial trauma or spinal cord injury and may sometimes include a local trauma.

  • NHOs that form around the hip joints are of particular interest because they often cause the patient to avoid the sitting position or the resumption of walking.

  • Whilst NHO can involve the knee, shoulder and elbow joints, hip-involving NHOs are more numerous, and sometimes develop in close contact with vascular or neurological structures.

  • Multi-disciplinary clinical examination is fundamental to evaluate patients for surgical intervention and to define the objectives of the surgery. The best investigation to define an NHO mass is a computerized tomography (CT) scan.

  • Resection is performed to liberate a fused joint to provide functionality, and this need not be exhaustive if it is not necessary to increase the range of motion.

  • While recurrence does occur post-surgery, a partial resection does not pose a greater risk of recurrence and there are no adjuvant treatments available to reduce this risk.

  • The greatest risks associated with NHO surgical resection are infection and haematoma; these risks are very high and must be considered when evaluating patients for surgery.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2019;4 DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.4.180098

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Luciano A. Rossi Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires City, Argentina

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Ignacio Tanoira Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires City, Argentina

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Franco Luis De Cicco Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires City, Argentina

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Maximiliano Ranalletta Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires City, Argentina

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biomechanical and anatomical studies have come out with valuable information that could help the shoulder surgeon to choose the best option for their patients. The purpose of this review was to perform a comprehensive analysis of anatomical and biomechanical

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Alexandre Lädermann La Tour Hospital; University of Geneva; Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland

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Stephen S. Burkhart The San Antonio Orthopaedic Group; University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA

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Pierre Hoffmeyer Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland

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Lionel Neyton Mermoz Hospital, Lyon, France

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Philippe Collin Centre Hospitalier Privé Saint-Grégoire, Saint- Grégoire, France

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Evan Yates St Francis Memorial Hospital, San Francisco, USA

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Patrick J. Denard Southern Oregon Orthopedics, Medford, Oregon, USA

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better understand RCLs, and led to additions to historical descriptors. RCLs can be treated with a wide variety of approaches including non-operative management, open or arthroscopic repair and shoulder arthroplasty. Given this variability in management

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Luciano A. Rossi Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires City, Argentina

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Maximiliano Ranalletta Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires City, Argentina

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Introduction Partial-thickness rotator cuff tears (PTRCTs) are common causes of pain and dysfunction in the adult shoulder. 1 , 2 The reported prevalence of PTRCTs in imaging and cadaveric studies ranges from 13% to 37%. 3 , 4

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Duncan Avis Basingstoke & North Hampshire Hospital, UK

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Dominic Power Queen Elizabeth Hospital, UK

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thoracodorsal nerves, and just before the formation of the branches to triceps. It passes with the posterior circumflex humeral vessels through the quadrilateral space from the anterior to posterior aspect of the shoulder. In the quadrilateral space, it is

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Pieter Caekebeke Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, Genk, Belgium

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Joris Duerinckx Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, Genk, Belgium

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Roger van Riet AZ Monica, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Antwerp, Belgium
University Hospital Antwerp, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Edegem, Belgium

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tendon feels like a tight cord in isometric resisted supination. 20 To perform this test the patient is asked to abduct the shoulder, actively flex the elbow to 90° and to supinate the forearm. The examiner then uses the index finger to hook the lateral

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Izaäk F. Kodde Orthopedic Center Antwerp, AZ Monica Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Jetske Viveen Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Upper Limb Unit, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands

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Bertram The Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Upper Limb Unit, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands

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Roger P. van Riet Orthopedic Center Antwerp, AZ Monica Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium

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Denise Eygendaal Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Upper Limb Unit, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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. References 1. Halls AA Travill A . Transmission of pressures across the elbow joint . Anat Rec 1964 ; 150 : 243 – 247 . 2. Morrey BF An KN . Stability of the elbow: osseous constraints . J Shoulder

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