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Horacio Caviglia Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Dr. Juan A. Fernández General Hospital, Argentina.

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Adrian Mejail Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Dr. Juan A. Fernández General Hospital, Argentina.

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Maria Eulalia Landro Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Dr. Juan A. Fernández General Hospital, Argentina.

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Nosratolah Vatani Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Dr. Juan A. Fernández General Hospital, Argentina.

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is a predictor of good joint function and reduced risk of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Therefore, the surgeon should try to obtain reductions with zero displacement or up to 1 mm. The anatomical reduction and stable osteosynthesis of the acetabular

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Carol C. Hasler University Children’s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland

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Daniel Studer University Children’s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland

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should be discussed depending on the level of suffering and functional impairment. Repeated ’giving way’ may cause cartilaginous lesions and chronic hyperpression with the risk of the later development of patellofemoral osteoarthritis. The goal of surgery

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Pietro Feltri Orthopaedics and Traumatology Clinic, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland

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Camilla Mondini Trissino da Lodi Orthopaedics and Traumatology Clinic, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland

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Alberto Grassi II Clinica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Stefano Zaffagnini II Clinica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Christian Candrian Orthopaedics and Traumatology Clinic, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
Facoltà di Scienze Biomediche, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

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Giuseppe Filardo Orthopaedics and Traumatology Clinic, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
Applied and Translational Research Center, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
Facoltà di Scienze Biomediche, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

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Introduction The surgical treatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA) has been constantly growing for more than two decades, with more than 10 billion dollars spent every year on knee replacements in the US alone. 1 Traditionally, total knee

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Nuno Corte-Real Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital de Cascais Dr. José de Almeida, Portugal

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João Caetano Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital de Cascais Dr. José de Almeida, Portugal

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-button patients with less osteoarthritis 50 , 51 and with fewer complications and reoperations. 52 A recent meta-analysis on biomechanical comparison between fixation options shows superior strength for screw fixation but similar load and rotation to

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Alfonso Vaquero-Picado Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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Gaspar González-Morán Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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Enrique Gil Garay Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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Luis Moraleda Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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relative risk is only 1.7 in the second grade. 22 A higher incidence of hip osteoarthritis (OA) and implantation of total hip arthroplasty in the parents and grandparents of patients diagnosed with DDH in comparison with the general population has also

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Haroon Majeed Wrightington Hospital, UK

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Donald J. McBride The Royal Stoke University Hospital, UK

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  • Fractures of the lateral and the posterior processes of the talus are uncommon and frequently missed because of a low level of suspicion and difficulty in interpretation on plain radiographs. Missed fractures can lead to persistent pain and reduced function.

  • Lateral process fractures are usually a consequence of forced dorsiflexion and inversion of fixed pronated foot. These are also commonly known as snowboarder’s fractures.

  • The posterior process of the talus is composed of medial and lateral tubercles, separated by the groove for the flexor hallucis longus tendon.

  • The usual mechanism of injury is forced hyperplantarflexion and inversion causing direct compression of the posterior talus, or an avulsion fracture caused by the posterior talofibular ligament. CT scans are helpful in cases of high clinical suspicion.

  • There is a lack of consensus regarding optimal management of these fractures; however, management depends on the size, location and displacement of the fragment, the degree of cartilage damage and instability of the subtalar joint. Non-operative treatment includes immobilization and protected weight-bearing for six weeks. Surgical treatment includes open reduction and internal fixation or excision of the fragments, depending on the size.

  • Fractures of the lateral and the posterior processes of the talus are uncommon but important injuries that may result in significant disability in cases of missed diagnosis or delayed or inadequate treatment. Early diagnosis and timely management of these fractures help to avoid long-term complications, including malunion, nonunion or severe subtalar joint osteoarthritis.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:85-92. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.170040

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Lei Yao Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Jie Cai West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Junqiao Li Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Yan Xiong Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Jian Li Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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osteoarthritis for its lubricating role for joint, although a consensus has not been reached. Studies have found its ability to downregulation of matrix metalloproteinases and cytokines through interleukin-1β-mediated expression ( 10 , 11 ), which is critical in

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Thomas J. Holme Epsom & St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, Trauma & Orthopaedics, Carshalton, UK

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Marta Karbowiak Royal Surrey NHS Foundation Trust, Trauma & Orthopaedics, Guildford, UK

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Jennifer Clements Epsom & St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, Trauma & Orthopaedics, Carshalton, UK

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Ritesh Sharma Epsom & St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, Trauma & Orthopaedics, Carshalton, UK

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Johnathan Craik Epsom & St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, Trauma & Orthopaedics, Carshalton, UK

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Najab Ellahee Epsom & St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, Trauma & Orthopaedics, Carshalton, UK

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patients with different underlying aetiologies (i.e. inflammatory arthritis from osteoarthritis); follow up less than 12 months. Two authors reviewed all abstracts for inclusion according to the above criteria, and where a study met all the criteria, or

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Bernd Grimm AHORSE Research Foundation, Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.

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Stijn Bolink AHORSE Research Foundation, Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.

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been identified”. 3 Another review studied twelve PROMs for the assessment of physical activities in osteoarthritis (OA) patients and concluded that there is “not enough evidence for any instrument to have adequate measurement properties”. 4

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Xavier Crevoisier University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Switzerland

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Mathieu Assal Foot and Ankle Center, Clinique la Colline, Geneva, Switzerland

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Katarina Stanekova University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Switzerland

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footwear and the design and fitting of insoles. It can bring pain alleviation but no conservative treatment has the faculty to correct the deformity. Fig. 1 Indirect signs of first ray insufficiency include: a) osteoarthritis of the second tarso

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