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Andy Craig Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK

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S W King Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK

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B H van Duren Leeds Institute of Rheumatic Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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V T Veysi Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute of Rheumatic Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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S Jain Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute of Rheumatic Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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J Palan Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute of Rheumatic Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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spacers associated with more significant bone loss One subluxed static block (2.1%) 91.7% NSD Faschingbauer et al . (84) CS 133 n/a Static, handmade – – – 14 (10.5%): 12 periprosthetic fractures (9.1%), 1 spacer fracture (0

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Martin Riegger Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

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Nermine Habib Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hopital fribourgeois (HFR) – Freiburger Spital (HFR), Fribourg, Switzerland

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Enrique Adrian Testa Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Bellinzona, Switzerland

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Jochen Müller Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

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Marco Guidi Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Kantonsspital, Aarau, Switzerland

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Christian Candrian Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

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) *No plate has been tested; **No anatomic model: only synthetic bone block in testing protocol. DEXA, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (for meauring bone density); NR, not relevant. Location of the companies mentioned are as follows - Arthrex: FL

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Gerardo Fusco Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
These authors contributed equally to the article and should both be considered first authors

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Francesco M. Gambaro Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
These authors contributed equally to the article and should both be considered first authors

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Berardo Di Matteo Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
First Moscow State Medical University – Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia

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Elizaveta Kon Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy

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Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease with a tendency to worsen over time, characterized by articular cartilage degradation, subchondral damage, and bone remodelling, most commonly affecting weight-bearing joints such as

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Duncan Avis Basingstoke & North Hampshire Hospital, UK

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Dominic Power Queen Elizabeth Hospital, UK

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considered simple if not accompanied by any other lesion of bone, nerve, vessel or rotator cuff. It is considered complex if associated injury to any of these tissues is also encountered. Nerve injuries are a well-recognized complication of glenohumeral

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Kamil Cagri Kose Marmara University Faculty of Medicine Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey

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Omer Bozduman Ufuk University Faculty of Medicine Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Ankara, Turkey

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Ali Erkan Yenigul Urfa State Hospital Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey

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Servet Igrek Marmara University Faculty of Medicine Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey

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osteotomies are the Smith-Petersen osteotomy (SPO), pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO), bone-disc-bone osteotomy (BDBO) and vertebral column resection (VCR), in order of increasing complexity. Below is a review of each osteotomy type with indications

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T. Fintan Moriarty AO Research Institute Davos, Switzerland

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Richard Kuehl University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland

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Tom Coenye Ghent University, Belgium

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Willem-Jan Metsemakers University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium

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Mario Morgenstern Trauma Centre, Murnau, Germany

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Edward M. Schwarz University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, USA

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Martijn Riool AMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Sebastian A.J. Zaat AMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Nina Khana University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland

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Stephen L. Kates Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia, USA

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R. Geoff Richards AO Research Institute Davos, Switzerland

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usually completely eradicated or resected during the explantation phase. The biofilm tends to be harboured on tiny fragments of necrotic bone known as sequestra, and may also reside within the cortical bone itself. During reimplantation, the biofilm

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Lucy C. Walker Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK

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Nick D. Clement Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK

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Kanishka M. Ghosh Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK

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David J. Deehan Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK

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) illustrate this point with the block arrows demonstrating pressure across medial and lateral compartments. The diagram in the bottom left shows Insall et al’s 10 technique for creating a rectangular flexion gap by externally rotating the femoral

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Michele Vasso Concordia Hospital for Special Surgery, Rome, Italy

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Alexander Antoniadis Bürgerspital Solothurn, Switzerland

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Naeder Helmy Bürgerspital Solothurn, Switzerland

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requires medial bone-on-bone arthritis, a functionally normal ACL, a functionally normal medial collateral ligament, intact full-thickness lateral cartilage and a patellofemoral joint (PFJ) with no lateral grooving and bone loss. 10 ACL integrity

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Ilse Degreef Department of Orthopaedic, Hand Unit, Leuven University Hospitals, Gasthuisberg, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium

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Donald H Lalonde Division of Plastic Surgery, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada

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+ + + + + + − Dynamic surgery − − − +− + + + DB, digit block; WB, wrist block. WALANT local anesthesia is based on two main principles. The first principle is the tumescent injection of a large volume low-concentration lidocaine

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Deepak Samson The Centre for Nerve Injury and Paralysis, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK

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Chye Yew Ng The Upper Limb Unit, Wrightington Hospital, UK

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Dominic Power The Centre for Nerve Injury and Paralysis, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK

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peripheral nerve injuries Sunderland classification grade Description 1 Conduction block +/- segmental demyelination 2 Axon discontinuity with intact endoneurium 3 Axon and endoneurium discontinuity with intact

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