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Introduction Among musculoskeletal injuries, the incidence of ankle sprains is between 15% and 20% of sports injuries. 1 , 2 The ankle is supported laterally by the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) and
Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile
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Orthopaedics Department of Minho University, Portugal
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ligament injuries from DeLee et al 1 reported 12 cases of isolated posterolateral instability (1.6%), 22 cases combined with anterolateral instability (3%), and a further 10 cases with straight lateral instability (1.4%). The current reported incidence
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. 6 The most commonly affected ligament is the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), which is the weakest of the three lateral ankle ligaments, followed by injury of the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) and the posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL
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ligament relative to the medial collateral ligament, 6 , 7 which differs from the proposed symmetrical medial–lateral balance in a total knee replacement. There is also more rollback of the lateral femoral condyle compared with the medial, with
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. Correction of excessive femoral anteversion and pathological genu valgum can be performed in the same setting if needed. Comparative studies have shown the superiority of medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction to traditional lateral release and
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), ligament balancing and presence of previous scarring. The pre-operative range of motion often correlates with post-operative range of motion and influences the surgical approach as, in the case of severe stiffness, the surgeon has to perform a tibial
Personalized Arthroplasty Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, Oxford, UK
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Shamir Medical Center, Zriffin, Israel
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Département de Chirurgie, Université de Montréal, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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biomechanics as little as possible by restoring native (pre-arthritic) knee joint line alignment and ligaments laxities ( Fig. 1 , Supplementary video). 1 , 2 Setting up the orientation and height of the KA bone cuts is done by referencing the articular
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and ligamentous disruptions, namely, fracture of the lateral malleolus, fracture of the medial malleolus or deltoid ligament rupture and disruption of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis. The latter occurs either through fractures of the posterior
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core, visible on radiographs, covered by a radiolucent outer layer of pyrocarbon. A minimal bone resection is required in respect of the anatomical centre of rotation of the joint; collateral ligaments must be preserved or reconstructed. Initial
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joint with robust ligaments, and anteriorly by an amphiarthrosis joint with potent fibrocartilage together with strong ligaments ( Fig. 2 ). Thus, stability relies just upon the ligaments and the fibrocartilage, and not upon the joint shapes, as in
