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Mario Herrera-Pérez Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopaedic Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
Department of Surgery, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

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Victor Valderrabano Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopaedic Department, Schmerzklinik, Basel, Switzerland
University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Alexandre L Godoy-Santos Orthopaedic Department, Hospital Israelita, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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César de César Netto Director of the UIOWA Orthopedic Functional Imaging Research Laboratory (OFIRL), Iowa, USA
Department of Orthopedic and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA

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David González-Martín Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopaedic Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
Department of Surgery, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

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Sergio Tejero Foot and Ankle Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
Department of Surgery, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain

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-traumatic ankle OA (80% of total) - Inflammatory arthritis - Young and active patients* - Avascular necrosis of the talus^ - Infectious sequelae - Congenital malformations - Neurological foot with malalignment - Failed

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Marko Nabergoj Valdoltra Orthopaedic Hospital, Ankaran, Slovenia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Patrick J. Denard Department of Orthopaedic & Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Philippe Collin Centre Hospitalier Privé Saint-Grégoire (Vivalto Santé), Saint-Grégoire, France

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Rihard Trebše Valdoltra Orthopaedic Hospital, Ankaran, Slovenia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Alexandre Lädermann Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, La Tour Hospital, Meyrin, Switzerland
Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland

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the most posterior or superior screw, while a further three occurred from the tip of the centre screw but failed to find a statistically significant association between screw placement and stress fracture. 65 Kennon et al investigated clinical and

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Marko Nabergoj Valdoltra Orthopaedic Hospital, Ankaran, Slovenia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Patrick J. Denard Oregon Shoulder Institute, Medford, OR

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Philippe Collin Centre Hospitalier Privé Saint-Grégoire (Vivalto Santé), Saint- Grégoire, France

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Rihard Trebše Valdoltra Orthopaedic Hospital, Ankaran, Slovenia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Alexandre Lädermann Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, La Tour Hospital
Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland

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prosthetic joint infection. 64 , 67 Chronic suppressive antibiotic therapy in select patients with retained components or failed previous treatment might also be useful. There are many dilemmas that remain unresolved regarding the shoulder prosthetic joint

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Theofilos Karachalios Department of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Trauma, University General Hospital of Larissa, Greece
School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessalia, Larissa, Greece

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George A. Komnos Department of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Trauma, University General Hospital of Larissa, Greece

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Society Score (KSS) scales are mostly used. 11 – 14 , 16 , 17 It has to be stressed that Jafari et al have shown that 25 (22%) of their 112 septic total hip arthroplasty (THA) revisions failed due to reinfection and 21 (19%) failed due to other

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Pablo A. Slullitel Hip Surgery Unit, Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Argentina

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José I. Oñativia Hip Surgery Unit, Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Martin A. Buttaro Hip Surgery Unit, Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Marisa L. Sánchez Infectology Department, Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Fernando Comba Hip Surgery Unit, Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Gerardo Zanotti Hip Surgery Unit, Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Francisco Piccaluga Hip Surgery Unit, Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Argentina

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significantly predicted failure. Similarly, Bradbury et al reported that at a minimum follow-up of two years, DAIR with implant retention failed to eradicate the infection in 84% of cases with 19 cases of acute peri-prosthetic methicillin

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Dongmei Wu School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom

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Rohan M Bhalekar ExplantLab, The Biosphere, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom

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Jordan S Marsh School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom

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David J Langton ExplantLab, The Biosphere, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom

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Alan J Stewart School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom

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hypersensitivity. Langton et al . found that severe ALVAL was related to the elevations of cobalt and chromium concentration in joint fluids ( 26 ). A positive association between blood metal ion concentrations and ALVAL was also noted in failed MoM HA ( 27 , 28

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Theofilos Karachalios School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessalia, University General Hospital of Larissa, Mezourlo Region, 41110 Larissa, Greece

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George Komnos Orthopaedic Department, University General Hospital of Larissa, Greece

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Antonios Koutalos Orthopaedic Department, University General Hospital of Larissa, Greece

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recent advances in THA technique and improved outcomes, we must still pose the question: why do some THAs fail, leading to technically complicated and expensive revision surgery? This question is of particular importance nowadays at a time when economic

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E. Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital – Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain

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Inmaculada Moracia-Ochagavía Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

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injection of local anaesthetic with and without corticosteroid, resolution is attained. Hardly ever, symptoms are severe and diffuse enough to need administration of a tricyclic antidepressant medication to diminish the nerve irritability. In cases that fail

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Joseph Genevière Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Co-first authors and equal contributors

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Shawna McCallin Department of Neuro-Urology, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
Co-first authors and equal contributors

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Angela Huttner Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland

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Truong-Thanh Pham Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Bone Infection Unit, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland

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Domizio Suva Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Bone Infection Unit, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland

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used thereafter until the widespread use of antibiotics in the 1940s, after which they were mostly abandoned in Western medicine. 16 Today, PT is gaining a renewed interest to treat infections against which antibiotics have failed, an increasingly

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Giorgio Perino Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Ivan De Martino Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Lingxin Zhang Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada

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Zhidao Xia Centre for Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK

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Jiri Gallo Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic

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Shonali Natu Department of Pathology, University Hospital of North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust, Stockton-on-Tees, UK

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David Langton Orthopaedic Department, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Monika Huber Pathologisch-bakteriologisches Institut, Otto Wagner Spital, Wien, Austria

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Anastasia Rakow Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Janosch Schoon Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Enrique Gomez-Barrena Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Veit Krenn MVZ-Zentrum für Histologie, Zytologie und Molekulare Diagnostik-GmbH, Trier, Germany

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complication of joint arthroplasty and not a form of ALTR/ARMD, its classification might change if a higher prevalence is found in MoM and non-MoM hip implants at risk for ALTR/ARMD. In a retrospective study of 104 cases of failed MoM HRA and THA hip

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