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  • anterior cruciate ligament x
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Mark Anthony Roussot University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cape Town, SA

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Fares Sami Haddad University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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patellofemoral offset will exacerbate this. In cadaver models, removal of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) appears to create substantial lateral patellar tilt and lateral patellar translation, which is restored with ACL reconstruction. 89 Similarly, PCL

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Cheuk Yin Li School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Kenneth Jordan Ng Cheong Chung School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Omar M. E. Ali School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Nicholas D. H. Chung School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Cheuk Heng Li School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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ligament (a stabilizer between 30–60 degrees of motion) anteriorly, and malpositioning of the implant to epicondyles that causes malfunctioning of the tibial post-femoral geometry. In a systematic review by Rouquette et al 44 exploring the causes of

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Salvi Prat-Fabregat Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain

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Pilar Camacho-Carrasco Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain

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Schatzker type fractures, a total of 99% presented associated soft-tissue injuries and 77% a complete anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) or LCL injury, whereas 81% presented with a significant lateral meniscal tear and 44% a medial meniscus tear. 12 MRI

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Gherardo Pagliazzi Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, University of Basel Children’s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland

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Enrico De Pieri Laboratory for Movement Analysis, University of Basel Children’s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Michèle Kläusler Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, University of Basel Children’s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland

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Morgan Sangeux Laboratory for Movement Analysis, University of Basel Children’s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Engineering, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Elke Viehweger Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, University of Basel Children’s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Laboratory for Movement Analysis, University of Basel Children’s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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, the effects of biomechanical changes induced by iatrogenic injuries, such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) transection and meniscal injuries, have been investigated in the animal model. ACL injury is known to cause changes in both antero

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Gautier Beckers Department of Surgery, Hospital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Personalized Arthroplasty Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

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Marc-Olivier Kiss Department of Surgery, Hospital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Personalized Arthroplasty Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Clinique Orthopédique Duval, Laval, Quebec, Canada

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Vincent Massé Department of Surgery, Hospital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Personalized Arthroplasty Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Clinique Orthopédique Duval, Laval, Quebec, Canada

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Michele Malavolta Personalized Arthroplasty Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Department of Knee Surgery, Casa di Cura Solatrix, Rovereto, TN, Italy

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Pascal-André Vendittoli Department of Surgery, Hospital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Personalized Arthroplasty Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Clinique Orthopédique Duval, Laval, Quebec, Canada

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posterior capsule/posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) laxities. Capsular release and posterior cruciate sacrifice may be required when correcting an increased tibial slope. Conversely, correcting a pathological anterior tibial slope may cause flexion

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Manuel Saavedra Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile

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Matías Sepúlveda Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
AO Foundation, PAEG Expert Group, Davos, Switzerland
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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María Jesús Tuca Clinica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
Hospital Clínico Mutual de Seguridad, Santiago, Chile

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Estefanía Birrer Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
AO Foundation, PAEG Expert Group, Davos, Switzerland

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, it covers a larger area of the articular surface. The posterior meniscal horn is fixed to the posterior cruciate ligament and the medial femoral condyle through the ligaments of Wrisberg (posterior meniscus-femoral ligament) and Humphrey (anterior

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Laura Walthert Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland

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Michael Ris Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland

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Kevin Moerenhout Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland

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Sébastien Déglise Department of Vascular Surgery, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland

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Pietro Giovanni Di Summa Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland

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Sylvain Steinmetz Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland

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individually ligated and divided. The patellar tendon, pes anserinus tendons, and tibial band insertions are elevated subperiosteally, and the knee joint is entered while dividing the cruciate and collateral ligaments. A subperiosteal dissection of the femur is

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Matías Sepúlveda Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile
AO Foundation, PAEG Expert Group, Davos, Switzerland

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Cecilia Téllez Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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Víctor Villablanca Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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Estefanía Birrer Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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fractures ( 3 ), and it is common to find some laxity of the anterior cruciate ligament after a fracture. In a retrospective study, Bertin et al . ( 20 ) found a 37.5% presence of anterior cruciate ligament injury in distal femur fractures. In metaphyseal

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Elena Gálvez-Sirvent Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, “Infanta Elena” University Hospital, Valdemoro, Madrid, Spain
Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain

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Aitor Ibarzábal-Gil Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, “La Paz” University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

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E Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, “La Paz” University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital – Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain

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secondary to ligaments damage that was not addressed initially, during fixation The reported incidence rates of ligament injuries in tibial plateau fractures are as follows: anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) 26%, posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) 7%, medial

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Emmanuel Thienpont University Hospital Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium

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. Following establishment of the lateral gutter, the lateral patellofemoral ligament is identified with the knee still in flexion. Flexing the knee slowly while externally rotating the tibia reduces stress on the extensor mechanism. The medial release may be

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