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Mark F Siemensma Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Anna E van der Windt Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Eline M van Es Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Joost W Colaris Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Denise Eygendaal Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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the likelihood of ulnar entrapment, especially in posttraumatic stiffness ( 15 ). Therefore, the ulnar nerve should be carefully examined for signs of either entrapment or instability, and the location in its sulcus should be carefully documented

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Alfonso Vaquero-Picado Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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Raul Barco Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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Samuel A. Antuña Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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. Debridement and reconstruction is possible and safe but it takes slightly longer than open surgery, and there is a risk of potential damage of the radial nerve and to the lateral collateral ligament if the debridement extends posteriorly past the centre of the

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Michał Górecki Department of Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Hand Surgery, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland

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Piotr Czarnecki Department of Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Hand Surgery, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland

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shoulder’s preoperative range of motion, and this description was significantly limited. Some authors attempted brachial plexus revision, neurolysis, transfer of the accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve, or reconstruction of the suprascapular nerve

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Francesco Pirato Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, AO Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

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Federica Rosso Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, AO Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

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Federico Dettoni Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, AO Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

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Davide Edoardo Bonasia Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, AO Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

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Matteo Bruzzone Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, AO Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

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Roberto Rossi Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, AO Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

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Introduction Knee stiffness is a widely known and worrying condition in several postoperative knees, such as total knee arthroplasty (TKA) or anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ). However, less is known about

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Mirza Biscevic Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Aida Sehic Department of Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring, SMS, Louisville, Kentucky, USA

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Ferid Krupic Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden

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of somatosensory spinal pathways (dorsal column–medial lemniscus) is based on sub/cortical responses to continuous electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves (e.g. tibial, peroneal, ulnar/median nerve). Although sensory deficit is less debilitating

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Paul Hoogervorst OLVG Amsterdam, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Amsterdam

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Peter van Schie OLVG Amsterdam, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Amsterdam

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Michel PJ van den Bekerom OLVG Amsterdam, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Amsterdam

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demonstrate that corrective surgery for mal-union is challenging but will lead to good results. 26 , 51 Late reconstruction of mal-union results in restoration of objectively assessed muscle strength similar to those receiving immediate fixation; however

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Pedro Cano-Luís Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Spain

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Miguel Ángel Giráldez-Sánchez Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Spain

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Pablo Andrés-Cano Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Spain

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lesions in unstable fractures in the vertical plane or in transforaminal fractures of the sacral ala. The most frequent neurological injuries are to L4 and L5 roots, followed by the superior gluteal nerve. 1 , 2 Pelvic deformity causes important

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Tim Pohlemann Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany

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Steven C. Herath Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany

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Benedikt J. Braun Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany

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Mika F. Rollmann Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany

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Tina Histing Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany

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Antonius Pizanis Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany

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inguinal canal is opened by releasing the transversus abdominis from the inguinal ligament, taking about two millimetres of the ligament with the tendon to facilitate repair. Laterally, the lateral cutaneous nerve of the leg is identified and marked. After

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Wai Weng Yoon Spinal Surgery Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
Centre for Spinal Surgery, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK

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Jonathan Koch Centre for Spinal Surgery, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK

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Introduction Disc herniation is a localized displacement of disc material beyond the normal margins of the intervertebral disc space. The pain pathway originates in impingement of the nerve root by the herniated disc, which may in turn lead to

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Jeremie M. Axe
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suprascapular nerve. The teres minor muscle is innervated by the axillary nerve and the subscapularis muscle by the upper and lower subscapular nerves. The latissimus dorsi muscle is innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve and is the largest muscle in the back

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