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accomplished by narrowing the width of the ankle mortise or osteotomy of the tibial plafond. 12 , 13 Therefore, osteotomies that are performed at the distal tibia may have different effects and results. Degenerated articular cartilage cannot regenerate
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developed. 4 , 5 In the United States, one of the first cementless stems to be approved in 1985 was the fully coated cylindrical collared CoCr alloy stem, namely the Anatomic Medullary Locking stem (AML®), designed for distal diaphyseal fixation
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Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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-specific implants, are designed and manufactured through 3D printing. Surgical technique 25 The choice of surgical approach depends on the fracture site. For example, for distal radius malunions, a modified Henry approach is used. A clear exposition of
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-vascular bone grafting (NVBG), the results might be suboptimal, and the union may not be achieved in a significant proportion of the patients. With improved understanding of the distal radius blood supply and advances in microsurgical techniques, the use of
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patellar instability, combined techniques that also reconstruct the MQFL have also been described ( 12 ). The medial patellotibial ligament (MPTL) and medial patellomeniscal ligament (MPML) are the distal stabilizers of the patella and have a role in
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for 8.7% making these a significant clinical problem. 1 In recent years, closed reduction with minimally invasive plating and locked intramedullary nailing have both become widely used treatment modalities for proximal and distal tibial
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instability. 14 Distal clavicle fractures A distal clavicle fracture happens in between 10% and 17% of all clavicle fractures. 15 Neer’s type 2 fracture often develops nonunion 15 , 16 and even surgical treatment can have a high frequency
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have a comprehensive understanding of the relevant anatomy. The ST area comprises the meta-diaphyseal proximal femur within 5 cm distal to the lesser trochanter. The femoral calcar provides significant structural integrity to the proximal femur. It is
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-shaft–tibial-shaft angle (FS–TS) ( Fig. 2 ). This angle is defined by a line drawn from the centre of the proximal femoral shaft towards the knee and a line from the centre of the tibial shaft distal to the knee. To calculate the femoral and tibial shaft points, it usually
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Major Trauma Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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rotational alignment of the femoral shaft is ensured when the cortical thickness of the proximal and distal femur fragments is comparable and no ‘cortical step sign’ is observed at the fracture level. In addition, the shape of the lesser trochanter at the