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Young Yi Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inje University, Seoul Paik Hospital, 85, 2-ga, Jeo-dong, Jung-gu, Seoul, 100-032, Republic of Korea

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Woochun Lee Seoul Foot and Ankle Center, Dubalo Orthopaedic Clinic, 764-30, Bang bae dong, Seochogu, Seoul, 06554, Republic of Korea.

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accomplished by narrowing the width of the ankle mortise or osteotomy of the tibial plafond. 12 , 13 Therefore, osteotomies that are performed at the distal tibia may have different effects and results. Degenerated articular cartilage cannot regenerate

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Charles Rivière MSK Lab, Imperial College London, UK; South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, UK

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Guido Grappiolo Unit of Hip Diseases and Joint Replacement Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Italy

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Charles A. Engh Jr Anderson Orthopaedic Research Institute, USA

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Jean-Pierre Vidalain Artro Group, France

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Antonia-F. Chen Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, USA

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Nicolas Boehler Orthopaedic Department, Kepleruniklinikum Linz, Austria

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Jihad Matta Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Canada

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Pascal-André Vendittoli Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Canada

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developed. 4 , 5 In the United States, one of the first cementless stems to be approved in 1985 was the fully coated cylindrical collared CoCr alloy stem, namely the Anatomic Medullary Locking stem (AML®), designed for distal diaphyseal fixation

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Maartje Michielsen Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

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Annemieke Van Haver Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

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Matthias Vanhees Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

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Roger van Riet Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

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Frederik Verstreken Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

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-specific implants, are designed and manufactured through 3D printing. Surgical technique 25 The choice of surgical approach depends on the fracture site. For example, for distal radius malunions, a modified Henry approach is used. A clear exposition of

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Bedri Karaismailoglu Ayancik State Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Sinop, Turkey

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Mehmet Fatih Guven Istanbul University – Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey

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Mert Erenler Istanbul University – Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey

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Huseyin Botanlioglu Istanbul University – Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey

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-vascular bone grafting (NVBG), the results might be suboptimal, and the union may not be achieved in a significant proportion of the patients. With improved understanding of the distal radius blood supply and advances in microsurgical techniques, the use of

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Erdem Sahin Cankaya Orthopedics, Ankara, Turkiye

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Reha Tandogan Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Cankaya Orthopedics, Ankara, Turkiye & Halic University, Istanbul, Turkiye

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Michael Liebensteiner Orthopädie, Knie & Fuß im Zentrum, Innsbruck, Austria

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Guillaume Demey Lyon Ortho Clinic, Lyon, France

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Asim Kayaalp Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Cankaya Orthopedics, Ankara, Turkiye & Halic University, Istanbul, Turkiye

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patellar instability, combined techniques that also reconstruct the MQFL have also been described ( 12 ). The medial patellotibial ligament (MPTL) and medial patellomeniscal ligament (MPML) are the distal stabilizers of the patella and have a role in

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Maria Tennyson Department of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Matija Krkovic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Mary Fortune The Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK

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Ali Abdulkarim Department of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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for 8.7% making these a significant clinical problem. 1 In recent years, closed reduction with minimally invasive plating and locked intramedullary nailing have both become widely used treatment modalities for proximal and distal tibial

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Luca Dei Giudici Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Science DISCLIMO, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy

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Andrea Faini Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Science DISCLIMO, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy

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Luca Garro II Orthopaedic Division, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, ICOT, Latina, Italy

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Agostino Tucciarone II Orthopaedic Division, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, ICOT, Latina, Italy

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Antonio Gigante Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Science DISCLIMO, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy

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instability. 14 Distal clavicle fractures A distal clavicle fracture happens in between 10% and 17% of all clavicle fractures. 15 Neer’s type 2 fracture often develops nonunion 15 , 16 and even surgical treatment can have a high frequency

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Ian Garrison Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Alabama, USA

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Grayson Domingue Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Alabama, USA

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M. Wesley Honeycutt Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Alabama, USA

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have a comprehensive understanding of the relevant anatomy. The ST area comprises the meta-diaphyseal proximal femur within 5 cm distal to the lesser trochanter. The femoral calcar provides significant structural integrity to the proximal femur. It is

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Nuno Marques Luís Knee and Ankle Surgery, Arthroscopy and Sports Trauma Unit; Orthopedic Center, Hospital Cuf Descobertas, Lisbon, Portugal

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Ricardo Varatojo Knee and Ankle Surgery, Arthroscopy and Sports Trauma Unit; Orthopedic Center, Hospital Cuf Descobertas, Lisbon, Portugal

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-shaft–tibial-shaft angle (FS–TS) ( Fig. 2 ). This angle is defined by a line drawn from the centre of the proximal femoral shaft towards the knee and a line from the centre of the tibial shaft distal to the knee. To calculate the femoral and tibial shaft points, it usually

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Johannes D Bastian Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Silviya Ivanova Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Ahmed Mabrouk Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom

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Peter Biberthaler Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

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Pedro Caba-Doussoux Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España

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Nikolaos K Kanakaris Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom
Major Trauma Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Leeds, United Kingdom

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rotational alignment of the femoral shaft is ensured when the cortical thickness of the proximal and distal femur fragments is comparable and no ‘cortical step sign’ is observed at the fracture level. In addition, the shape of the lesser trochanter at the

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