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Olga D. Savvidou First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ‘ATTIKON’ University General Hospital, Athens, Hellenic Republic, Greece

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Panagiotis Koutsouradis Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mediterraneo Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Angelos Kaspiris Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology/ Sector for Bone Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece

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Leon Naar First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ‘ATTIKON’ University General Hospital, Athens, Hellenic Republic, Greece

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George D. Chloros First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ‘ATTIKON’ University General Hospital, Athens, Hellenic Republic, Greece

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Panayiotis J. Papagelopoulos First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ‘ATTIKON’ University General Hospital, Athens, Hellenic Republic, Greece

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no pain, whereas two reported only mild intermittent pain and one moderate-to-severe pain. 16 Later on, Duckworth et al conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial to compare non-operative and operative treatment in patients with a mean

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Daniel J. McCormack Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK

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Darren Puttock Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK

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Steven P. Godsiff Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK

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arthritis both in terms of clinical and cost effectiveness after comparing UKR to TKR. 15 The inclusion criteria for this multi-centre randomized controlled trial (RCT) were isolated full-thickness cartilage loss of the medial compartment tibia and

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Valentina Viglione Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica 1 IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Angelo Boffa Applied and Translational Research (ATR) Center, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Davide Previtali Department of Surgery, EOC, Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lugano, Switzerland

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Francesca Vannini Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica 1 IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Cesare Faldini Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica 1 IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Giuseppe Filardo Applied and Translational Research (ATR) Center, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
Department of Surgery, EOC, Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lugano, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

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in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in comparison to the inactive treatments implying that their effect, or at least a part of it, may be due to placebo ( 6 ). The impact of the placebo effect has been already investigated in several

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Manuel Monteagudo Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Unit, Hospital Universitario Quironsalud Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, UEM Madrid, Spain

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Pilar Martínez de Albornoz Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Unit, Hospital Universitario Quironsalud Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, UEM Madrid, Spain

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Borja Gutierrez Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Unit, Hospital Universitario Quironsalud Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, UEM Madrid, Spain

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José Tabuenca Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Unit, Hospital Universitario Quironsalud Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, UEM Madrid, Spain

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Ignacio Álvarez Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Unit, Hospital Universitario Quironsalud Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, UEM Madrid, Spain

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reviews and randomized controlled trials were studied as well as seminal papers that have introduced changes in treatment over the last 30 years. This review aims to summarize the current literature with special attention to pathomechanics and recent

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Gerardo Fusco Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
These authors contributed equally to the article and should both be considered first authors

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Francesco M. Gambaro Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
These authors contributed equally to the article and should both be considered first authors

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Berardo Di Matteo Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
First Moscow State Medical University – Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia

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Elizaveta Kon Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy

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Cochrane meta-analysis of 27 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) found CS to be more beneficial in pain reduction (lower visual analogue scale (VAS)) and function improvement (measured with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index

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Faustine Vallon Division of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland

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Axel Gamulin Division of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland

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simple trochanteric fractures (AO-OTA 31-A1) and multi-fragmentary trochanteric fractures (AO-OTA 31-A2). Saudan et al performed a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing 106 DHS to 100 proximal femoral nails (PFN) in the treatment of low-energy AO

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Ahmed Fikry Elmenshawy Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

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Khaled Hamed Salem Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

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60 years or older. The decision for cemented or cementless fixation was according to randomization in six prospective randomized controlled trials. In the rest, it was according to surgeon’s preference. In all selected studies, both groups were

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Vikki Wylde Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, UK

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Neil Artz Department of Allied Health Professions, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK

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Nick Howells North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK

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Ashley W. Blom Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, UK
North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK

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to be associated with numbness and kneeling ability. In one small non-randomized study, patients reported that discomfort on kneeling was lower in patients with a lateral incision compared with a midline incision. 53 A randomized controlled trial

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Vinzenz Auersperg Department of Orthopaedics, Klinikum Steyr-Kirchdorf, Steyr, Austria

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Klemens Trieb Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
Computed Tomography Research Group, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wels, Austria

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out that no double-blind studies are available. 39 , 40 A later study also showed positive results, even though this work was also not a randomized controlled trial. Wang et al compared ESWT not to a placebo, but to core decompression, and found

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Georgios Kyriakopoulos Hôpital de la Tour, Geneve, Switzerland

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Lazaros Poultsides New York University Langone Orthopedic Hospital, New York University School of Medicine, USA

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Panayiotis Christofilopoulos Hôpital de la Tour, Geneve, Switzerland

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-reported outcomes Randomized controlled trials The largest prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) is that of Mjaaland et al 7 who compared the immediate peri- and postoperative results of 83 anterior approach (DAA) total hip arthroplasty patients

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