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Catalin Cirstoiu Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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Bogdan Cretu Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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Bogdan Serban Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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Zsombor Panti Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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Mihai Nica Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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been suggested, based on age, sex, tumour size, anatomic site, tumour grade, histologic classification, monocyte ratio and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. 20 The importance of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in bone sarcomas has proven its diagnostic

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Amer Sebaaly Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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Mohammad Daher Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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Bendy Salameh Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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Ali Ghoul Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon

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Samuel George Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon

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Sami Roukoz Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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20 and day 35 after conception and disruptions of this mechanism contribute to CVM leading to CS ( 5 ). The process involves signaling pathways such as Notch1, FGF, HOX and Wnt ( 3 , 10 , 11 ). Due to the association of CS with a great number of

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Richard Peter Almeida Arthroplasty Unit, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Lipalo Mokete Arthroplasty Unit, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Nkhodiseni Sikhauli Arthroplasty Unit, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Allan Roy Sekeitto Arthroplasty Unit, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Jurek Pietrzak Arthroplasty Unit, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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haematoma from poor haemostasis, or fluid from a deep capsular defect, and must be considered potentially infectious and demands intervention. 11 In PWD, the natural barrier of the skin is bypassed, providing a retrograde pathway for pathogens to enter the

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Daniel J. McCormack Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK

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Darren Puttock Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK

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Steven P. Godsiff Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK

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revision surgery, those with spine, hip or foot pathology were excluded. Patients with a past history of septic arthritis or previous surgery other than diagnostic arthroscopy were also excluded. Significant patella-femoral joint damage and an inability to

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Cheuk Yin Li School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Kenneth Jordan Ng Cheong Chung School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Omar M. E. Ali School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Nicholas D. H. Chung School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Cheuk Heng Li School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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that phagocytose any small wear particles < 5 μm in diameter, and this induces the release of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and tumour necrosis factor-α. These stimulate the recruitment and activation of osteoclasts via the RANK-L pathway and thus osteolysis

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Peter Richard Almeida University of the Witwatersrand, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Lipalo Mokete University of the Witwatersrand, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Nkhodiseni Sikhauli University of the Witwatersrand, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Ahmad Mota University of the Witwatersrand, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Bayanda Ndindwa University of the Witwatersrand, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Jurek R T Pietrzak University of the Witwatersrand, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa

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deficiencies ( 12 , 24 , 27 ). Serological assessment Serological markers are not part of the diagnostic criteria for malnutrition according to American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) ( 10 ). In the orthopaedic literature

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Juan Carlos Monllau Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
ICATKnee, Institut Catalá de Traumatologia i Medicina de l’Esport (ICATME), Hospital Universitari Dexeus, UAB, Barcelona, Spain

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Simone Perelli Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
ICATKnee, Institut Catalá de Traumatologia i Medicina de l’Esport (ICATME), Hospital Universitari Dexeus, UAB, Barcelona, Spain

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Giuseppe Gianluca Costa Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Ospedale Umberto I, Enna, Italy

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-reconstructed knees with intact menisci ( 49 ). Biological failure is another unsolved question. The real incidence of this reason for graft failure is unclear since an unambiguous definition has not yet been determined ( 17 ). Several pathways have been debated to

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Søren Overgaard Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Thomas M Grupp Aesculap AG Research & Development & Medical Scientific Affairs, Tuttlingen, Germany
Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany

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Rob GHH Nelissen Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Technical University Delft, Delft, the Netherlands

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Luca Cristofolini Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Anne Lübbeke Division of Surgery and Traumatology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland
Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK

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Marcus Jäger Department of Orthopaedics, Trauma & Reconstructive Surgery St. Marien Hospital Mülheim an der Ruhr & Chair of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany

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Matthias Fink TÜV Süd Product Service GmbH, Clinical Centre of Excellence, Munich Germany

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Sabine Rusch Aesculap AG Research & Development & Medical Scientific Affairs, Tuttlingen, Germany

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Hassan Achakri Zimmer Biomet, Clinical, Regulatory & Quality Affairs, Winterthur, Switzerland

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Francesco Benazzo IUSS Pavia, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy

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Dario Bergadano Medacta International SA, Medical Affairs, Castel San Pietro, Switzerland

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Georg N Duda Julius Wolff Institute and Center for Muskuloskeletal Surgery, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany

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Christian Kaddick EndoLab Mechanical Engineering GmbH, Riedering, Germany

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Volkmar Jansson Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany

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Klaus-Peter Günther University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Center for Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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will play a major role for innovation in arthroplasty. Before any clinical phase of a new implant or implant-related instrument, following the pre-market clinical investigation or the equivalent device and formal PMCF pathway, it is our common

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Bogdan Serban Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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Bogdan Cretu Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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Adrian Cursaru Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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Cornelia Nitipir Department of Oncology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Elias University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania

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Cristina Orlov-Slavu Department of Oncology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Elias University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania

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Catalin Cirstoiu Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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and avoid nearby neurovascular systems. Additionally, ultrasound can be used to identify cystic regions, reducing the need for biopsy. While no studies have proven that ultrasound is preferable to MRI for local recurrence surveillance, the diagnostic

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Patrick Ziegler BG Klinik Tübingen, Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Klinik Gut, St. Moritz, Switzerland

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Christian Bahrs Schön Klinik Neustadt, Neustadt in Holstein, Germany

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Christian Konrads Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Philipp Hemmann BG Klinik Tübingen, Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Marc-Daniel Ahrend BG Klinik Tübingen, Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Switzerland

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fractures in the elderly. Diagnostics During the anamnesis, besides the circumstances of the accident and cause of the fall, it is particularly important to ask geriatric patients for comorbidities, like diabetes mellitus, arterial disease, dementia

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