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Qiushi Bai Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Yuanyi Wang Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China

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Jiliang Zhai Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Jigong Wu Chinese People’s Liberation Army Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China

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Yan Zhang Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Yu Zhao Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Introduction Spinal stenosis is characterised by a reduction in the cross-sectional area of the spinal canal that leads to upper or lower motor neuron deficits and related neurological symptoms depending on the location of the compression

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Dimitrios A. Flevas First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

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Sophia Syngouna Department of Upper Extremity Surgery and Microsurgery, KAT Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Emmanouel Fandridis Department of Upper Extremity Surgery and Microsurgery, KAT Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Sotirios Tsiodras Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

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Andreas F. Mavrogenis First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

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vessels, poor perfusion and weakened skin barrier are more likely to present in the medical cabinet with an infected upper limb. Newborns are also prone to hand infections due to their undeveloped immune systems and their sharp nail-ends that can injure

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Abdus S. Burahee The Peripheral Nerve Injury Service, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Andrew D. Sanders The Peripheral Nerve Injury Service, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Dominic M. Power The Peripheral Nerve Injury Service, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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nerve transfer for intrinsic musculature reinnervation . J Hand Surg Am 2012 ; 37 : 2150 – 2159 . 20. Power D Nassimizadeh M Cavallaro D Jordaan P Mikalef P . Rewiring the upper limb: motor nerve

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Shu-Hao Du Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China

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Yong-Hui Zhang Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China

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Qi-Hao Yang Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China

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Yu-Chen Wang Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China

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Yu Fang Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China

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Xue-Qiang Wang Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China

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. Influencing factors Examples Structural or anatomical Scoliosis; difference in bone length of upper limbs or lower limbs; proliferation of vertebral body or frame Aging Various degenerative changes; childhood postures are markedly

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Javier Pizones Spine Unit, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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Eduardo García-Rey Hip Unit, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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Introduction Humans evolved from primates to become bipeds, leaving their upper limbs free for handling. The morphology of the pelvis had to change to become thinner, wider and more horizontal, to be the base upon which the spine stands erect

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David Limb Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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humeral head with the glenoid fossa and helps maintain a stable, functional link between the upper limb and the axial skeleton. As with the pelvis, double disruptions of the ring can significantly impair function – the so-called ‘floating shoulder’, 18

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Maik Sliepen Institut für Experimentelle Muskuloskelettale Medizin (IEMM), Universitätsklinikum Münster (UKM), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), Germany

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Matthijs Lipperts AHORSE, Department of Orthopaedics, Zuyderland Medical Centre, The Netherlands

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Marianne Tjur Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

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Inger Mechlenburg Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
Centre of Research in Rehabilitation (CORIR), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University, Denmark

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limbs and upper body. Common and user-friendly sites of placement are the wrist or the ankle where the sensor can easily be attached by a strap, or the waist where the sensor can be attached with a belt. 5 The validity of the output from wrist

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İlker Eren Koç University, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey

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Cemil Cihad Gedik Koç University, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey

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Uğur Kılıç Koç University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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Berk Abay Koç University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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Olgar Birsel Koç University, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey

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Mehmet Demirhan Koç University, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey

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protraction produced by its upper fibres along with serratus anterior ( 36 ). In case of FSHD, as the periscapular muscles fail to function adequately due to the decrease in their strength, scapular stabilization cannot be established during shoulder motion

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Jean-Pierre St Mart Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, King’s College Hospital, London, UK

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En Lin Goh Oxford Trauma, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Zameer Shah Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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-active (haptic); of which, the latter two are most commonly used. With passive robotic systems, the surgeon retains control of the robot throughout the procedure. The da Vinci robot is one such example, although its use has been limited to upper limb orthopaedic

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Maria A. Smolle Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Austria

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Dimosthenis Andreou Department of General Orthopaedics and Tumour Orthopaedics, University Hospital Muenster, Germany

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Per-Ulf Tunn Tumour Orthopaedics, HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Germany

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Andreas Leithner Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Austria

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wrapped spirally around the proximal site of the total femur in 12 patients – hip dislocation rate lower in patients with LARS-augmentation and active range of motion (ROM) as well as limb function better in this cohort – infection rates similar (1/12 for

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