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been shown to have satisfactory short- and long-term clinical results. 3 - 13 In contrast with the past where a varus thrust and instability were contra-indications to HTO owing to reported inferior results, 14 , 15 more
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, even for individuals with high physical demands. However, surgical treatment is necessary in cases of severe medial or multi-ligament injury to prevent chronic instability and posttraumatic arthritis. Epidemiology MCL is the most common knee
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Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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( 2 ). Smoking plays a negative role especially as it may interfere with bone healing in open-wedge PTO and may cause nonunion. Instability used to be a contraindication in PTO, but nowadays sagittal and coronal alignment modification through this
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single anatomical, articulating unit, a traumatic longitudinal instability of this ‘joint’ was first described by Peter Essex-Lopresti in 1951 ( 2 ). It is caused by a usually high-energy, longitudinal compression vector that dissipates through the three
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anteroposterior for example) or significant tibiofemoral instability requires full guiding of the tibiofemoral motion by a linked implant 5 which is achieved with a hinged implant rather than a constrained condylar implant. Different types of hinged
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, 18 often a result of external fixation which is insufficient to stabilize the posterior lesion. 19 Inadequately treated sacral fractures involving the articular pedicles of L5-S1 (Isler 2) 20 may lead to residual rotational instability of
Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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Affidea Centre de Diagnostic Radiologique de Carouge CDRC, Geneva, Switzerland
Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany
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Medical Research Department, Artanim Foundation, Geneva, Switzerland
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Introduction The glenohumeral joint has six degrees of freedom, 1 three translational and three rotational, with minimal bony constraints that provide a large functional range of motion, making this joint vulnerable to instability. The
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by immobilization in a brace ( 9 , 10 , 11 ). However, about 10 to 20% develop chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) and consequently require surgical ligament repair ( 12 , 13 ). The Broström technique as well as its modifications is considered
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Introduction Recurrent patellar instability is a disabling condition that can lead to articular cartilage injuries, osteochondral fractures, pain, decreased activity and patellofemoral osteoarthritis (OA). The average annual incidence of
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rotational instability. Only a complete rupture of all three ligaments (AiTFL, IOL, and PiTFL) causes a multiplanar instability of the DTFJ and leads to a frank diastasis ( 9 ). The diagnosis and classification of two-ligament (AiTFL and IOL ruptures) and
