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Stein J. Janssen Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Iris van Oost Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, FORCE (Foundation for Orthopaedic Research Care Education), Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands

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Stefan J.M. Breugem Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bergman Clinics, Naarden, The Netherlands

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Rutger C.I. van Geenen Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, FORCE (Foundation for Orthopaedic Research Care Education), Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands

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correctable deformity and intact ligaments. 3 We explored the current literature to provide an overview of the causes for a symptomatic UKA, its risk factors and diagnostic modalities that can be used, and we briefly discuss treatment options. Methods

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Carlos A. Encinas-Ullán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain

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Primitivo Gómez-Cardero Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain

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Juan S. Ruiz-Pérez Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain

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E. Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Osteoarticular Surgery Research Hospital, La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital – Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain

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on multi-ligament knee, failure or malfunction of the extender device, and retraction in flexion of neurological (Parkinson’s, Charcot) or rheumatologic (rheumatoid arthritis) origin. The following risk factors must be taken into account: (a

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Maurilio Marcacci Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute - II Clinic- Biomechanics Laboratory, Bologna, Italy

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Luca Andriolo Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute - II Clinic- Biomechanics Laboratory, Bologna, Italy

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Elizaveta Kon Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute - II Clinic- Biomechanics Laboratory, Bologna, Italy

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Nogah Shabshin Carmel Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Haifa, Israel

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Giuseppe Filardo Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute - II Clinic- Biomechanics Laboratory, Bologna, Italy

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associated with knee ligament tears, 2 although the presence of subchondral oedema-like lesions was also shown in 41% of asymptomatic collegiate basketball players subject to repetitive microtrauma. 3 The most common subchondral contusions are

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Gautier Beckers Department of Surgery, Hospital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Personalized Arthroplasty Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

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Marc-Olivier Kiss Department of Surgery, Hospital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Personalized Arthroplasty Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Clinique Orthopédique Duval, Laval, Quebec, Canada

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Vincent Massé Department of Surgery, Hospital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Personalized Arthroplasty Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Clinique Orthopédique Duval, Laval, Quebec, Canada

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Michele Malavolta Personalized Arthroplasty Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Department of Knee Surgery, Casa di Cura Solatrix, Rovereto, TN, Italy

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Pascal-André Vendittoli Department of Surgery, Hospital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Personalized Arthroplasty Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Clinique Orthopédique Duval, Laval, Quebec, Canada

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collateral ligament laxities, knee kinematics, and gait ( 3 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ). However, one important question remains: should all pre-operative anatomies be reproduced? Not only is there great variability of hip–knee–ankle angle (HKA) between

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Emmanuel Thienpont University Hospital Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium

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. Following establishment of the lateral gutter, the lateral patellofemoral ligament is identified with the knee still in flexion. Flexing the knee slowly while externally rotating the tibia reduces stress on the extensor mechanism. The medial release may be

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Paolo Salari Institute for Complex Arthroplasty and Revisions (ICAR), Villa Ulivella Clinic, Florence, Italy

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Andrea Baldini Institute for Complex Arthroplasty and Revisions (ICAR), Villa Ulivella Clinic, Florence, Italy

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tibia with the release of the deep medial collateral ligament (MCL) to the postero-medial capsule is performed. The superficial MCL may be elevated more distally to extend the medial release. To gain adequate joint exposure, intraarticular adhesions are

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Babar Kayani University College Hospital, London, UK
Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK

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Sujith Konan University College Hospital, London, UK
Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK

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Atif Ayuob University College Hospital, London, UK
Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK

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Elliot Onochie University College Hospital, London, UK

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Talal Al-Jabri University College Hospital, London, UK

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Fares S. Haddad University College Hospital, London, UK
Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK

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that up to 20% of patients remain dissatisfied following TKA. 2 , 6 – 11 Accurate implant positioning, balanced flexion-extension gaps, proper ligament tensioning, and preservation of the periarticular soft tissue envelope are important surgeon

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Fabio A. Rodriguez-Patarroyo Outcomes Research Department, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Ohio, USA

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Nadin Cuello Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Robert Molloy Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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Viktor Krebs Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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Alparslan Turan Outcomes Research Department, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Ohio, USA
Department of Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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Nicolas S. Piuzzi Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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Considerations Joint Supply Cutaneous Supply Anterior Femoral nerve Crosses behind the inguinal ligament and lateral to the femoral artery and provides branches to innervate each muscular component of the quadriceps muscle (Vastus Medialis

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Sohail Nisar Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, UK
Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, LGI, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, UK

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Jeya Palan Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, UK

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Charles Rivière MSK Lab - Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, UK
The Lister Hospital, Chelsea Bridge, London, UK
Centre de l’Arthrose - Clinique du Sport, Bordeaux-Mérignac, France

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Mark Emerton Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, UK

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Hemant Pandit Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, UK
Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, UK

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developed the Freeman–Swanson bicompartmental prosthesis using MA to prioritize mechanical stability over anatomical function, with the cruciate ligaments being sacrificed as a result. 9 In 1985, Insall further popularized the MA technique 10 and

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Cheuk Yin Li School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Kenneth Jordan Ng Cheong Chung School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Omar M. E. Ali School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Nicholas D. H. Chung School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Cheuk Heng Li School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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such as ligament injury or implant failure. 39 Excessive release of the medial ligament, inadequate distal femoral resection, excessive tibial slope, internal rotation of components and an undersized femoral component can also lead to flexion

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