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Timothy Bage The Peripheral Nerve Injury Service, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Dominic M. Power The Peripheral Nerve Injury Service, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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. Some cases of neurapraxia may fail to recover spontaneously or may even deteriorate due to a persisting poor nerve environment. Surgery can be beneficial in such cases where repeated clinical assessment detects a persistence or deterioration of the

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Rima Nasser Lebanese American University Medical Center Rizk Hospital, Lebanon; Clemenceau Medical Center, Clemenceau street, Beirut, Lebanon

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Benjamin Domb American Hip Institute, Westmont, Illinois, USA; Hinsdale Orthopaedics, Westmont, Illinois, USA

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and strengthening exercises. 16 If that fails, and since impingement is a mechanical conflict, it can be resolved surgically. Its sequelae, such as labral tears and chondral damage, can also be repaired to a certain extent. Historically, an open

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Luca Pierannunzii Gaetano Pini Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy

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Luigi Zagra Gaetano Pini Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy

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surgery (mostly on the acetabular side and uncemented), but one case out of four failed due to graft resorption, early loosening, infection or foreign body reaction. 45 On the other hand, Rosito et al reported similarly satisfactory clinico

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Brijesh Ayyaswamy Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK

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Bilal Saeed Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK

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Anoop Anand Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK

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Lai Chan Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK

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Vishwanath Shetty Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK

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Adults (> 18 years of age) with advanced, resistant CRPS which has failed to respond to conservative measures Strictly follow one of the standard diagnostic criteria of CRPS Children (i.e. < 18 years old) Less severe CRPS or conservative measures not

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Rafik Yassa North West Deanery, Manchester, UK

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Mahdi Yacine Khalfaoui North West Deanery, Manchester, UK

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Ihab Hujazi North West Deanery, Manchester, UK

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Hannah Sevenoaks North West Deanery, Manchester, UK

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Paul Dunkow Blackpool Victoria Teaching Hospitals, Blackpool, UK

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patients over a 24-hour period. 28 This study, however, only revealed correction of the INR back to a near therapeutic range. The role of small oral doses remains controversial, with a study demonstrating that up to 66% of patients failed to reach a

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Alfonso Vaquero-Picado Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Spain

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Gaspar González-Morán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Spain

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Luis Moraleda Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Spain

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failed attempts of reduction. Type IV fractures can only be diagnosed intra-operatively. Treatment Gartland type I Non-displaced or type I fractures can be managed easily with a long-arm cast or splint ( Fig. 5 ). There is not usually severe

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Martin McNally The Oxford Bone Infection Unit, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK

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Geertje Govaert Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Maria Dudareva The Oxford Bone Infection Unit, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK

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Mario Morgenstern Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland

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Willem-Jan Metsemakers Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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  • Fracture-related infection (FRI) is common and often diagnosed late.

  • Accurate diagnosis is the beginning of effective treatment.

  • Diagnosis can be difficult, particularly when there are no outward signs of infection.

  • The new FRI definition, together with clear protocols for nuclear imaging, microbiological culture and histological analysis, should allow much better study design and a clearer understanding of infected fractures.

  • In recent years, there has been a new focus on defining FRI and avoiding non-specific, poorly targeted treatment. Previous studies on FRI have often failed to define infection precisely and so are of limited value. This review highlights the essential principles of making the diagnosis and how clinical signs, serum tests, imaging, microbiology, molecular biology and histology all contribute to the diagnostic pathway.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:614-619. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190072

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Filippo Familiari Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Villa del Sole Clinic, Italy

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Jorge Rojas Division of Shoulder Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, USA

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Mahmut Nedim Doral Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Hacettepe University, Turkey

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Gazi Huri Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Hacettepe University, Turkey

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Edward G. McFarland Division of Shoulder Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, USA

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humerus fracture, failed shoulder arthroplasty and tumours. 9 - 15 Many of these conditions involve dysfunction of the rotator cuff. Appropriate candidates for RTSA now include young patients, who have shown excellent clinical improvement with high

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Philippe Massin Diderot University Paris, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, Île-de-France, France

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the one who had failed. His skills were eclectic, from hand surgery (he was one of the founding members of the Society of Hand Surgery) to lower limb surgery, which he developed during his tenure as Department Head of the Bichat Hospital in Paris. My

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Hee-Nee Pang Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore and Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada

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Hamid Rahmatullah Bin Abd Razak Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore

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Stephen Petis Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada

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Douglas D. R. Naudie Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada

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Steven J. MacDonald Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada

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reports have been independent, unblinded series. To our knowledge, there is no randomised clinical trial that compares different revision surgery for failed TKA. The purpose of this article is to review the current literature and registry results, and

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