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examination must be carried out including observation of the child’s gait, skin changes, and deformities. Scoliosis or kyphosis frequently develop in children with spine tumours in response to pain, very typical in osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma, or
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higher risk of anterior dislocation with full standing; here the cup may need less anteversion ( Fig. 7 ). 44 Fig. 6 Patient with adult scoliosis, PI 62°. SS of 35° compensating with PT 26°, SFP 59°. She underwent long lumbar fusion to pelvis
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degrees – 3. Jain AK 2002 6 4. Jain AK 2010 7 – Pan-vertebral involvement as suggested on plain radiographs by associated scoliosis, severe kyphosis, or both The CT and MRI scans show global destruction of the vertebral body 5
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degeneration, spondylolisthesis, or scoliosis) and studies that report at least one of the following outcomes of interest: postoperative ODI, postoperative lower back or leg pain on visual analog scale (VAS) or numerical rating scale (NRS), and/or MacNab
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obliquity. Spinal deformity is assessed using standing whole spine or lumbar-only radiographs. These are important to evaluate pelvic inclination since many of these patients present with increased lumbar lordosis with or without scoliosis, which is
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fundamental aid in the placement of screws or surgical plates, mainly thanks to the possibility of testing in advance of the procedure; examples include pedicle screw placement in a clinical case of severe congenital scoliosis 23 or, more in general
Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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scoliosis and the sagittal curvature of the spine. In 2019, Galbusera et al. introduced a CNN that could accurately measure various parameters, such as lumbar lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, sagittal vertical alignment, coronal Cobb angle, and spinopelvic
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musculoskeletal and biomechanical changes. In case of unilateral dislocation, lower limb discrepancy, unstable gait, postural scoliosis, flexo-aduction contracture of the hip and valgus deformity of ipsilateral knee occur. Bilateral dislocation provokes lumbar
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structures, detect scoliosis, tumors, degeneration of spine or segmentation of vertebrae, and to grade osteoarthritis, among others ( 11 , 12 , 13 ). AI can also facilitate the clinical decision-making process. By using ML algorithms, predictions about
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asymmetry. Gait assessment provides valuable information of sagittal characteristics. In addition, spinal assessment should be performed to further determine the spinal contribution to the findings, for example, the presence of scoliosis is likely to lead to