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Vikki Wylde Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.
National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, UK.

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Andrew Beswick Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.

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Julie Bruce Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK.

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Ashley Blom Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.
National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, UK.
North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.

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Nicholas Howells North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.

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Rachael Gooberman-Hill Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.
National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, UK.

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, including the epidemiology, impact, assessment, risk factors, aetiology and treatment. Personal and economic impact Chronic pain after TKA can affect all dimensions of health-related quality of life, and has been found to be associated with

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Jimmy Ng Nottingham Elective Orthopaedic Services, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK

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Pau Balcells-Nolla Nottingham Elective Orthopaedic Services, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK

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Peter J. James Nottingham Elective Orthopaedic Services, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK

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Benjamin V. Bloch Nottingham Elective Orthopaedic Services, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK

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. Fig. 1 Patella fracture after total knee arthroplasty. Fig. 2 Patella tendon rupture after total knee arthroplasty. Table 1. Risk factors for extensor mechanism failure following total knee arthroplasty 1 – 3 , 5 , 6

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Alessandro Sangiorgio Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland

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Martina Sirone Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland

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Federico Maria Adravanti Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
2nd Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Enrique Adrian Testa Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

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Martin Riegger Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

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Giuseppe Filardo Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
2nd Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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that independent risk factors for AT and ATR during fluoroquinolone treatment are patient’s age over 60 years, renal failure, organ transplantation, immunodeficiency, and the association with concomitant corticosteroid use ( 12 , 46 ). When these

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Theofilos Karachalios School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessalia, University General Hospital of Larissa, Mezourlo Region, 41110 Larissa, Greece

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George Komnos Orthopaedic Department, University General Hospital of Larissa, Greece

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Antonios Koutalos Orthopaedic Department, University General Hospital of Larissa, Greece

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late, and factors related to failure modes have been identified ( Fig. 1 ). With a more thorough understanding of reasons for failure, of revision timing and identifiable risk factors, surgeons are better placed to improve their THA outcomes. Fig. 1

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Nicolás Franulic Hospital del Trabajador ACHS, Santiago, Chile
Hospital Militar de Santiago, Santiago, Chile

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José Tomas Muñoz Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile

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Francisco Figueroa Hospital Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile
Clínica Alemana - Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile

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Piero Innocenti Hospital del Trabajador ACHS, Santiago, Chile

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Nicolás Gaggero Hospital del Trabajador ACHS, Santiago, Chile

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, 10 ) and are the leading cause of construct instability, displacement, non-union, and varus recurrence after MOWHTO ( 2 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ). Various risk factors have been described recently such as the location of the osteotomy, hinge position

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Bart A Swierstra Medical Guidelines, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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W Annefloor van Enst Medical Guidelines, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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questions: What is the incidence of radiographic osteoarthritis in adults after an ankle fracture? How long does the risk of radiological osteoarthritis persist since the accident? Which prognostic factors are related to the development of

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Michael M. Morlock TUHH Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany.

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Robert Hube OCM Clinic Munich, Munich, Germany

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Georgi Wassilew Department for Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Felix Prange TUHH Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany.

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Gerd Huber TUHH Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany.

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Carsten Perka Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Orthopedic Department, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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analyses from single cases or case series or the results of laboratory testing, systematically investigating the influence of the parameters derived from the clinical observations on the risk of taper corrosion. The main findings of these reports are

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Juan Ignacio Cirillo Hospital del Trabajador, Santiago, Chile
Clínica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
Universidad Andrés Bello, Hospital del Trabajador, Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile

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Guillermo A Ricciardi Centro Médico Integral Fitz Roy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Sanatorio Güemes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Teodoro Álvarez, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Facundo Lisandro Alvarez Lemos Hospital Roberto del Río, Santiago, Chile

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Alfredo Guiroy Elite Spine Health and Wellness Center, Florida, USA

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Ratko Yurac Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, University del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
Spine Unit, Department of Traumatology, Clínica Alemana, Santiago, Chile

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Klaus Schnake Center for Spinal and Scoliosis Surgery, Malteser Waldrankenhaus St. Marien, Erlangen, Germany
Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany

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AO Spine Latin America Trauma Study Group
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AO Spine Latin America Trauma Study Group

progressive subluxation or kyphotic segmental deformity ( 38 ). The risk factors related to the failure of the nonoperative treatment that have been described in the available literature include: comminution of the articular mass or facet joint, acute

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Fahima A. Begum Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, UK.

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Babar Kayani Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, UK.

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Justin S. Chang Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, UK.

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Rosamond J. Tansey Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, UK.

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Fares S. Haddad Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, UK.

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avulsion injuries, discusses the clinical features of an avulsion-type injury, and identifies intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for these injuries. This review also revisits the various imaging modalities for diagnosing proximal rectus femoris avulsion

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Duy Nguyen Anh Tran The International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Vietnam

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Bao Tu Thai Nguyen The International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Vietnam

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Tan Thanh Nguyen Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Vietnam

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Yu-Pin Chen Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Municipal Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Yi-Jie Kuo Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Municipal Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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risk factors ( 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ), the contribution of smoking remains contentious, with conflicting evidence from several studies and meta-analyses ( 14 , 21 , 22 , 23 ). Previous meta-analyses have noted the detrimental influence

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