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Olga D. Savvidou First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘ATTIKON’ Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Panagiotis Koutsouradis Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mediterraneo Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Ioanna K. Bolia First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘ATTIKON’ Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Angelos Kaspiris Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology/Sector for Bone Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece

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George D. Chloros First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘ATTIKON’ Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Panayiotis J. Papagelopoulos First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘ATTIKON’ Hospital, Athens, Greece

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chondromas or due to the growth of a solitary synovial chondroma, have been described as ‘giant solitary synovial osteochondromatosis’. 9 The last may cause ulnar nerve neuropathy due to nerve compression. 6 , 10 , 11 The diagnosis is based on plain

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George D Chloros Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Orthopaedic Surgery Working Group, Society of Junior Doctors, Athens, Greece

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Christos D Kakos Orthopaedic Surgery Working Group, Society of Junior Doctors, Athens, Greece

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Ioannis K Tastsidis Orthopaedic Surgery Working Group, Society of Junior Doctors, Athens, Greece
University of Patras, School of Medicine, Patras, Greece

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Vasileios P Giannoudis Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Michalis Panteli Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Peter V Giannoudis Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Center, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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, 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ) ( Fig. 4 ). To avoid complications such as hardware failure ( Fig. 5 ) and refracture ( 102 ), several studies have been conducted to assess the properties a screw should have to achieve reduction and compression at the fracture

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Kinner Davda Department of Foot & Ankle Surgery, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK

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Karan Malhotra Department of Radiology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK

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Paul O’Donnell Department of Foot & Ankle Surgery, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK

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Dishan Singh Department of Foot & Ankle Surgery, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK

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Nicholas Cullen Department of Foot & Ankle Surgery, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK

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28 described the peroneal compression test, which is used to assess pain, crepitus, and “popping” at the posterior edge of the distal fibula during forceful ankle eversion and dorsiflexion. Imaging studies A weight-bearing anteroposterior

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Michalis Panteli Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Leeds General Infirmary; School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK

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Peter V. Giannoudis Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Leeds General Infirmary; School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK

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Extremes of age Immunosuppression Immune deficiency Tobacco abuse Alcohol abuse Malignancy Chronic lymphedema Venous stasis Major vessel compromise Arteritis Extensive scarring Radiation fibrosis Small-vessel disease Neuropathy Osteomyelitis can

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Patrick Ziegler BG Klinik Tübingen, Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Klinik Gut, St. Moritz, Switzerland

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Christian Bahrs Schön Klinik Neustadt, Neustadt in Holstein, Germany

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Christian Konrads Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Philipp Hemmann BG Klinik Tübingen, Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Marc-Daniel Ahrend BG Klinik Tübingen, Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Switzerland

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tissue necrosis. Imaging diagnostics should be done immediately after reduction and retention. Rest, application of ice, compression and elevation (RICE scheme) of the limb is generally recommended to reduce further swelling. However, the evidence level

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İlker Eren Koç University, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey

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Cemil Cihad Gedik Koç University, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey

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Uğur Kılıç Koç University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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Berk Abay Koç University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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Olgar Birsel Koç University, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey

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Mehmet Demirhan Koç University, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey

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). Complete motor function of the upper extremity should be documented before surgery. Considering that the brachial plexus neuropathy is a reported complication of arthrodesis, preoperative neurological assessment would be highly valuable to identify such an

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Fabio A. Rodriguez-Patarroyo Outcomes Research Department, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Ohio, USA

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Nadin Cuello Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Robert Molloy Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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Viktor Krebs Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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Alparslan Turan Outcomes Research Department, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Ohio, USA
Department of Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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Nicolas S. Piuzzi Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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injection site • If no USG guidance, anatomic anomalies • affecting physical • landmarks identification • Pre-existing neuropathies affecting the distribution of the block Sciatic nerve block (posterior) • Analgesia on the posterior aspect of the

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Önder İ. Kılıçoğlu Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, İstanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey

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Mehmet Demirel Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, İstanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey

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Şamil Aktaş Department of Underwater and Hyperbaric Medicine, İstanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey

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Introduction Diabetic foot problems include ulcers, infection and Charcot arthropathy, along with numerous underlying risk factors, including peripheral neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, impaired immune function and delayed bone healing

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Ricardo Sousa Department of Orthopaedics, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Porto Bone and Joint Infection Group (GRIP), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and Grupo TrofaSaude, Portugal

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André Carvalho Department of Orthopaedics, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Ana Cláudia Santos Porto Bone and Joint Infection Group (GRIP), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and Grupo TrofaSaude, Portugal
Department of Microbiology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Miguel Araújo Abreu Porto Bone and Joint Infection Group (GRIP), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and Grupo TrofaSaude, Portugal
Department of Microbiology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal

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tract or abscesses should also be investigated. 46 Some patients, presenting with symptomatic cord compression with neurologic deficits, will require urgent surgery followed by empirical broad-spectrum antibiotics. 46 In these cases, open

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Maria E Dey Hazra Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA

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Rony-Orijit Dey Hazra Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA

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Jared A Hanson Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA

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Phob Ganokroj Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University

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Matthew L Vopat Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
The Steadman Clinic, Vail, Colorado, USA

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Joan C Rutledge Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA

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Kohei Yamaura Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA

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Sunikom Suppauksorn Institute of Orthopaedics, Lerdsin General Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand

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Peter J Millett Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
The Steadman Clinic, Vail, Colorado, USA

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demonstrated superior humeral head translation, increased subacromial contact pressure, and decreased glenohumeral compression force ( 32 , 34 , 35 ). As a surgical solution, they invented the superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) using a facia lata

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