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. Femoral fixation is made in a single socket at the anatomical insertion distal to the physis. Technical details described in the previous section are important to avoid injury to the distal femoral physis, medial collateral and cruciate ligaments. A
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grade 4-5 defect in the lateral femoral condyle associated with a sequestered intra-articular fragment 6 ( Fig. 2 ). Fig. 1 Bone marrow oedema-like signal related to anterior cruciate ligament tear. On a sagittal fluid-sensitive image (PD with
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. Ntagiopoulos PG Bonin N Sonnery-Cottet B Badet R Dejour D . The incidence of trochlear dysplasia in anterior cruciate ligament tears . Int Orthop 2014 ; 38 : 1269 - 75 . 6. Fulkerson JP . Diagnosis
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ligamentous status, including the major stabilizers of medial and lateral compartments, posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), and extension mechanism, as well as other secondary ligaments. The condition of the ligament is generally classified as lax (referring to
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shaft diameter (A). The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) distance (D) is measured from the MPFL origin to the anterior surface of the patella. The MPFL distance ratio (MPFLDR) is composed of MPFL distance divided by shaft diameter (A). The anterior
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mechanism rupture. However, the major error to avoid is post-operative patellar maltracking. The debate still rages about how to avoid post-operative anterior knee pain. This review will mainly concentrate on avoiding maltracking. It begs the question
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progression of OA limited to the medial compartment. Other inclusion criteria used to choose conversion to UKR were integrity of the anterior cruciate ligament, varus knee deformity less than 10° and tibial slope less than 10° ( 5 , 7 ). Surgical
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for the posterior cruciate ligament, providing mainly AP stability but its function on varus-valgus stability is poor. When the going gets tough, a varus-valgus constrained insert (VVC) provides a greater varus-valgus stability, and it is primarily
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Department of Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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of knee joint proximal and distal tibiofibular joint Obturator nerve Originates two main branches: anterior and posterior Posterior branch to joint capsule, cruciate ligaments and synovial membrane Anterior branch to medial aspect and
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cape Town, SA
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patellofemoral offset will exacerbate this. In cadaver models, removal of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) appears to create substantial lateral patellar tilt and lateral patellar translation, which is restored with ACL reconstruction. 89 Similarly, PCL
