Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital – Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain
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1. Physical examination of knee ligament injuries Structure Test Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) Lachman’s test, pivot shift Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) Posterior drawer, posterior sag sign Medial
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particular the posterior tibial slope (PTS) has received more attention with regard to its importance in sagittal balance of the unstable knee. 2 Isolated HTO has been reported in the treatment of acute and chronic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL
Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile
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Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile
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Orthopaedics Department of Minho University, Portugal
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acute phase after injury, swelling and pain can prevent a full physical examination, but examination is likely to detect gross instability. Alongside a careful examination for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), PCL and medial collateral ligament (MCL
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Casa di Cura Villa Betania, Rome, Italy
Marrelli Hospital, Crotone, Italy
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evaluating the integrity of the MCL and/or POL, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and PCL, respectively. The valgus stress test is a very specific and sensitive test for a POL injury. It is performed at 0° and 30° of flexion, and the degree of valgus gapping
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Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie DIBINEM, Università di Bologna, Italy
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for clinical symptoms such as pain, snapping and popping. 16 , 29 , 30 However, their occurrence as isolated injuries is considered extremely rare 9 and is considered more frequent in the case of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury 6
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femur, tibia and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) with moderate distraction; b) position of femur, tibia and PCL with maximum distraction; c) relative position of femur and tibia relating to setting (a) and (b). Note the more anterior position of the
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less damage to cartilage and instruments ( 12 ). Medial meniscus ramp lesions occur when the posterior horn of the meniscus detaches from the meniscotibial or meniscocapsular junction and are detected in up to 40% of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL
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Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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of the hip joint in the standing position in the living body. 11 In 2013, Lorda-Diez et al studied the relative expression levels of a subset of key genes of three different ligaments: the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), ligamentum teres (LT
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menisci biomechanics. Fig. 1 Anatomy of the meniscal complex and Cooper zones. 114 Note . ACL, anterior cruciate ligament; PCL, posterior cruciate ligament; H, Humphrey ligament; W, Wrisberg ligament. The meniscus is composed of water
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to play with a more advanced post-operative protocol. This protocol was based, at least in part, on the authors’ perception that the MUCL is an extra-articular ligament, not an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and that rehabilitation should be closer
