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E. Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital – Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain

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Hortensia De la Corte-Rodríguez Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

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Carlos A. Encinas-Ullán Department of Orthopedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain

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Primitivo Gómez-Cardero Department of Orthopedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain

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1. Physical examination of knee ligament injuries Structure Test Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) Lachman’s test, pivot shift Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) Posterior drawer, posterior sag sign Medial

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Jonathan G. Robin Box Hill Hospital, Eastern Health Network, Australia

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Philippe Neyret Lyon 1 University, France

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particular the posterior tibial slope (PTS) has received more attention with regard to its importance in sagittal balance of the unstable knee. 2 Isolated HTO has been reported in the treatment of acute and chronic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL

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Francisco Figueroa Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile

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David Figueroa Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile

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Sven Putnis Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK

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Rodrigo Guiloff Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile

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Patricio Caro Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile

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João Espregueira-Mendes Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre – FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Portugal
Orthopaedics Department of Minho University, Portugal

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acute phase after injury, swelling and pain can prevent a full physical examination, but examination is likely to detect gross instability. Alongside a careful examination for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), PCL and medial collateral ligament (MCL

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Riccardo D’Ambrosi IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy

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Katia Corona Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “Vincenzo Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy

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Germano Guerra Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “Vincenzo Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy

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Simone Cerciello Department of Orthopaedics, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
Casa di Cura Villa Betania, Rome, Italy
Marrelli Hospital, Crotone, Italy

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Chiara Ursino IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy

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Nicola Ursino IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy

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Michael Hantes Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessalia, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece

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evaluating the integrity of the MCL and/or POL, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and PCL, respectively. The valgus stress test is a very specific and sensitive test for a POL injury. It is performed at 0° and 30° of flexion, and the degree of valgus gapping

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Alberto Grassi IIa Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Nicola Pizza IIa Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Gian Andrea Lucidi IIa Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Luca Macchiarola IIa Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Massimiliano Mosca IIa Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Stefano Zaffagnini IIa Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie DIBINEM, Università di Bologna, Italy

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for clinical symptoms such as pain, snapping and popping. 16 , 29 , 30 However, their occurrence as isolated injuries is considered extremely rare 9 and is considered more frequent in the case of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury 6

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Jan Victor Ghent University, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Ghent, Belgium

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femur, tibia and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) with moderate distraction; b) position of femur, tibia and PCL with maximum distraction; c) relative position of femur and tibia relating to setting (a) and (b). Note the more anterior position of the

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Sohrab Keyhani Akhtar Orthopedic Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Mohammad Movahedinia Akhtar Orthopedic Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Arash Sherafat Vaziri Center of Orthopedic Trans-Disciplinary Applied Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Mehran Soleymanha Orthopedic Surgery, Poursina Hospital Orthopaedic Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

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Fardis Vosoughi Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Mohammad Tahami Bone and Joint Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

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Robert F LaPrade Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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less damage to cartilage and instruments ( 12 ). Medial meniscus ramp lesions occur when the posterior horn of the meniscus detaches from the meniscotibial or meniscocapsular junction and are detected in up to 40% of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL

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Riccardo D’Ambrosi IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy

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Nicola Ursino IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy

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Carmelo Messina IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy

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Federico Della Rocca Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy

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Michael Tobias Hirschmann Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology Kantonsspital Baselland (Bruderholz, Liestal, Laufen) Switzerland

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of the hip joint in the standing position in the living body. 11 In 2013, Lorda-Diez et al studied the relative expression levels of a subset of key genes of three different ligaments: the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), ligamentum teres (LT

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Alfonso Vaquero-Picado Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, ‘La Paz’ University Hospital, Spain

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E. Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, ‘La Paz’ University Hospital, Spain

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menisci biomechanics. Fig. 1 Anatomy of the meniscal complex and Cooper zones. 114 Note . ACL, anterior cruciate ligament; PCL, posterior cruciate ligament; H, Humphrey ligament; W, Wrisberg ligament. The meniscus is composed of water

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Felix H. Savoie Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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Michael O’Brien Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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to play with a more advanced post-operative protocol. This protocol was based, at least in part, on the authors’ perception that the MUCL is an extra-articular ligament, not an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and that rehabilitation should be closer

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