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E Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital – Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain

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Alberto D Delgado-Martínez Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Universitario de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
Department of Surgery, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain

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Javier De Andrés-Ares Department of Anesthetics, Pain Unit, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

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(NSAIDs), weight loss, and physical and rehabilitation medicine) has failed to provide alleviation and the patient is not a candidate for surgery. RF is contraindicated for pregnant women, patients with unstable joints (hip, knee, and shoulder), those with

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Shaho Hasan Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Peter van Schie Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Bart L Kaptein Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Jan W Schoones Walaeus Library, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Perla J Marang-van de Mheen Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Safety & Security Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

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Rob G H H Nelissen Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

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failing to fulfill the mandatory criteria were classified as moderate-quality (MQ) studies. Studies scoring less than 18 points were classified as low-quality (LQ) studies. There were no studies that fulfilled all the mandatory criteria but failed to score

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Anna Bogdanova-Bennett Academic Surgical Unit, South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, Epsom, UK

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Amit Sagi Academic Surgical Unit, South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, Epsom, UK

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Vipin Asopa Academic Surgical Unit, South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, Epsom, UK

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Richard E. Field Academic Surgical Unit, South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, Epsom, UK

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David H. Sochart Academic Surgical Unit, South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, Epsom, UK

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(patch substances used; time point at which patch test was performed) Prevalence of nickel hypersensitivity (before and/or after surgery) Clinical results (e.g. complications, stable or failed implant, adverse reaction to metal debris, systemic

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T. Fintan Moriarty AO Research Institute Davos, Switzerland

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Richard Kuehl University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland

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Tom Coenye Ghent University, Belgium

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Willem-Jan Metsemakers University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium

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Mario Morgenstern Trauma Centre, Murnau, Germany

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Edward M. Schwarz University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, USA

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Martijn Riool AMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Sebastian A.J. Zaat AMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Nina Khana University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland

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Stephen L. Kates Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia, USA

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R. Geoff Richards AO Research Institute Davos, Switzerland

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, treat and potentially eradicate ODRIs. Unfortunately, all efforts to develop an effective vaccine against S. aureus , the primary pathogen involved in ODRI, have failed for a number of reasons ( Table 3 ). 66 - 68 The most prominent reason is

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Hua Luo Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Congcong He Department of Psychology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yong Zhao Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China

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Guangyong Yang Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Hainan Hong Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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aspiration, initiating appropriate antibiotic therapy, and considering surgical interventions such as joint drainage or arthroplasty when conservative measures fail or joint destruction is severe ( 12 ). The treatment approach should be individualized based

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Ahmed Halloum Interdisciplinary Orthopaedics, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej, Aalborg, Denmark

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Søren Kold Interdisciplinary Orthopaedics, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej, Aalborg, Denmark

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Jan Duedal Rölfing Department of Orthopaedics, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard, Aarhus, Denmark

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Ahmed A Abood Interdisciplinary Orthopaedics, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Orthopaedics, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard, Aarhus, Denmark

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Ole Rahbek Interdisciplinary Orthopaedics, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej, Aalborg, Denmark

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failed to load. Furthermore, reference lists of all included studies were screened. Together this resulted in the inclusion of additional seven studies ( 12 , 13 , 14 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ) ( Fig. 1 ). Figure 1 PRISMA flow diagram for the

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Tobias Winkler Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany
Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Sven Geissler Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Tazio Maleitzke Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Trauma Orthopaedic Research Copenhagen Hvidovre (TORCH), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Carsten Perka Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany

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Georg N Duda Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany
Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Alexander Hildebrandt Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany
Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany

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)-approved drugs were listed for cancer therapy. Many of them are classified as biologics ( 7 ). In contrast, advanced biologic therapeutics in orthopaedics, such as cell therapies, have so far mostly failed to reach primary endpoints and get regulatory approval

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Tommaso Bonanzinga Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy

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Matteo Carlo Ferrari Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy

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Piergiuseppe Tanzi IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli; Università di Bologna, Dipartimento Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Bologna, Italy

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Filippo Vandenbulcke Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy

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Akos Zahar Helios ENDO-Klinik, Hamburg, Germany

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Maurilio Marcacci Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy

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Introduction Prosthetic joint infections (PJI) occur in 0.7% to 2.4% of patients and are responsible for 15% of failed total hip arthroplasties and 25% of revision total knee arthroplasties. 1 , 2 Almost any microorganism can cause PJI

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AliSina Shahi The Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA

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Javad Parvizi The Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA

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Introduction Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is responsible for 25% of failed total knee arthroplasties 1 and 15% of revision total hip arthroplasties. 2 PJI has a huge economic burden on the health care system, and there will

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Michael de Buys Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Krisantha Moodley Emergency Department, ER Consulting, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Josip Nenad Cakic Department Orthopaedic Surgery, Life Fourways Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Jurek R T Pietrzak Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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, treatment of S. aureus colonization is more likely to fail when there is involvement of multiple anatomical sites, longer hospital admissions and bacterial resistance to mupirocin ( 75 ). Ammerlaan et al. reported that resistance to mupirocin developed

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