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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK
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, Irishman Alexander Macalister at the University of Cambridge, UK, had completed a full definition of this condition. 5 , 6 Understanding the developmental anatomy of the scapula remains important to surgeons confronted with affected patients. The
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shoulder’s active range of motion (ROM). It allows basic daily activities to be performed and increases the patient’s quality of life. 1 , 7 , 15 – 18 After glenohumeral fusion, the shoulder’s functional ROM is retained through scapula thoracic
Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
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Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
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However, a more horizontal humeral component is biomechanically more likely to impinge on the lateral pillar of the scapula. More recently, implants with neck-shaft angles of 135° and 145° have been developed in an attempt to reduce scapula notching. There
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Department of Human Biology, Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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Department of Human Biology, Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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. Retroversion measurements also varied when the images showed less than 50% of the scapula width. However, retroversion measurements were accurate if a minimum of 8 cm of the scapula width was imaged ( 19 ). Conversely, Bokor et al. observed a 15° alteration
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bony defect. After this study, we determined the precise location of the glenoid bony defect using 3D CT. 12 The humeral head dislocates in the anteroinferior direction relative to the trunk. However, due to the anterior tilt of the scapula
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scapula to allow proper assessment regardless of retraction. Finally, CT scans are used if MRI is contraindicated or if joint arthroplasty is planned, particularly in the setting of glenoid deformity. Additionally, CT scan can be conducted with intra
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factors: the relationship between the humeral head and the scapula in the different positions of the arm; the integrity of the bony structures and soft tissues; the static and dynamic neuromuscular balance of the muscles surrounding the joint. Bone and
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in all directions. 7 , 8 A pad placed behind the spine of the scapula can be used to push the glenoid forwards, a position that makes posterior retractors easier to use by improving their support. Glenoid exposure is facilitated by the patient
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positioning with over 10– 15 degrees of retroversion and superior inclination can lead to detrimental effects such as loosening and instability ( 8 , 9 , 10 ). The challenge lies in the restricted intraoperative visibility of the scapula, compounded by the
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devascularization Blood loss 3 11 Chatziioannou et al, 2000 29 Case-cohort Renal cell carcinoma Femoral/acetabular region (17) Humerus (9) Pubic ramus (1) Scapula (1) 26 28 * Complete devascularization vs incomplete devascularization
