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Dieter Wirtz Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany

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Hendrik Kohlhof Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany

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with worse surgical outcomes, longer hospital length of stay, functional decline, higher rates of institutionalization, higher mortality, and higher costs and resource utilization. 5 As many as 30–40% of cases of delirium are preventable. It is

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Anne Lübbeke Division of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland
Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK

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Christophe Combescure Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland

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Christophe Barea Division of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland

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Amanda Inez Gonzalez Division of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland

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Keith Tucker Chair Orthopaedic Data Evaluation Panel, UK

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Per Kjærsgaard-Andersen Center for Adult Hip and Knee Reconstruction, Department of Orthopaedics, South Danish University, Vejle Hospital, Denmark

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Tom Melvin School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland

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Alan G Fraser Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK

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Rob Nelissen Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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James A Smith Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

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 = 0.001) and more functional outcomes in knee studies (59% vs 2%, Pearson chi-square P < 0.001). Table 5 Outcomes reported. Data are presented as median (range) or as reported. Outcomes reported Hip stems Hip cups Knees All

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Brijesh Ayyaswamy Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK

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Bilal Saeed Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK

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Anoop Anand Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK

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Lai Chan Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK

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Vishwanath Shetty Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK

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excluded. Table 1. Review question Population Intervention Comparator if available Outcome Adult patients with advanced, resistant CRPS (both types of CRPS i.e. type 1 and 2) Amputation due to CRPS or its complications

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Claus Varnum The Danish Hip Arthroplasty Register
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark

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Alma Bečić Pedersen Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Per Hviid Gundtoft Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Søren Overgaard The Danish Hip Arthroplasty Register
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Orthopaedic Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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following the primary operation, or to compare the risk of an outcome between two different groups of patients. The most commonly used survival analysis is the Kaplan–Meier estimator. 15 The Kaplan–Meier estimator is functional as it allows for

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Hua Luo Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Congcong He Department of Psychology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yong Zhao Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China

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Guangyong Yang Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Hainan Hong Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Outcomes NOSS Combined Single-stage Two-stage Single-stage Two-stage Bauer et al . ( 26 ) France NA Cohort AQ (hip and knee) 58.2 (29–92) 23 30 2 Reinfection, functional outcome 9 Bochatey et al

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Agnieszka Halm-Pozniak Department of Orthopaedics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany

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Christoph H Lohmann Department of Orthopaedics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany

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Luigi Zagra IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Hip Department, Milan, Italy

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Benedikt Braun Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Germany

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Max Gordon Department of Clinical Sciences at Danderyd Hospital, Unit of Orthopedics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Bernd Grimm Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Human Motion, Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine, Digital Methods, Luxembourg

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this is related to superior functional outcomes or improved implant survivorship anyway is not proven ( 28 ). For revision joint arthroplasty, current available evidence suggests that robotic assisted technology may help surgeons to reproducibly perform

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Pascal-André Vendittoli Personalized Arthroplasty Society
Surgery Department, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
Clinique orthopédique Duval, 1487 Boul des Laurentides, Laval

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Charles Riviere Personalized Arthroplasty Society
Bordeaux Arthroplasty Research Institute - Clinique du Sport Bordeaux-Mérignac 04-06 rue Georges Negrevergne, Mérignac, France

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Michael T Hirschmann Personalized Arthroplasty Society
Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Kantonsspital Baselland, Bruderholz, Switzerland
Clinical Research Group Michael T. Hirschmann, Regenerative Medicine & Biomechanics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Stefano Bini Personalized Arthroplasty Society
Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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of human anatomy and fostered a more bespoke approach to surgery. The ultimate aim of a joint replacement is for the joint to be as pain-free and functional as a native healthy joint; this state of affairs is sometimes referred to as a ‘forgotten

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Peter van Schie Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Medical Decision Making, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Shaho Hasan Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Leti van Bodegom-Vos Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Medical Decision Making, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Jan W Schoones Walaeus Library, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Rob G H H Nelissen Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Perla J Marang-van de Mheen Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Medical Decision Making, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

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affected by for example, minor registration incompleteness in the outcome and low event rates, with particularly low volume providers being less likely to become an outlier in funnel plots ( 11 , 13 ). The rationale for benchmarking is that if another

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Benedikt J. Braun Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University Hospital, Germany

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Bernd Grimm Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg

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Andrew M. Hanflik Los Alamitos Orthopaedics, Los Alamitos, California, USA

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Meir T. Marmor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Peter H. Richter Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University Hospital, Germany

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Andrew K. Sands Weill Cornell Medical College, Foot and Ankle Surgery, Downtown Orthopedic Associates, New York Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital, New York, USA

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Sureshan Sivananthan Orthopaedic Surgery, Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

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World Health Organization can help to provide a standardized reporting of physical, mental, and social aspects of a patient’s condition. Examples of outcomes in need of digital measurement solutions include fracture healing, wound healing, functional

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Achi Kamaraj School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Nikhil Agarwal Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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K. T. Matthew Seah Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Wasim Khan Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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-effective option compared to the others. This is usually achieved via calculating and then comparing the added health outcomes and associated costs over a specific time frame between two particular management options for a given condition. For example, one may

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