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clinical examination The diagnostic pathway should always start with a thorough documentation of the patient’s history. Lumps that have not changed in size or shape over the years are most likely benign, whereas recently noticed, constantly
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RANK ligand pathway. Note that for a lytic lesion to be seen on a radiograph, at least 50% of the bone matrix (compared to the surrounding bone) must have been resorbed. 2 There are three patterns of bone destruction that give a clue to the
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and prognosis of these patients. Elbow tumours pose a diagnostic challenge for orthopaedic surgeons. Physical examination and a thorough history are the cornerstones of diagnosis. Patients usually present with persistent, unexplained, non
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
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Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
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Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
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Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
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Department of Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Disaster Surgery, Moscow, Russia
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Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
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Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
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different pathways ( 21 ). A great impulse in this quest was given by the introduction of next-generation sequencing (NGS). Indeed, NGS techniques and metagenomics can provide a view of the transcriptome of the host tissue as well as capture all microbial
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. What is the lesion doing to the bone? The majority of the bone tumours are osteolytic, but they can also be osteoblastic. The osteolysis in a bone tumour is performed by osteoclasts which are activated via the RANK ligand pathway ( 11 ). Lodwick
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Department of Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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promising results as valuable diagnostic tools to assist clinicians in many respective specialties. As early as the 1980s a data-driven clinical prediction tool to determine which patients with chest pain presenting to the ED (emergency department) could be
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and molecular pathways, potential targets for arthropathy therapy are iron chelators, anti-inflammatory treatment, anti-fibrinolytic, and bone-remodelling agents. These options have demonstrated beneficial effects, predominantly in a preclinical
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Propionibacterium (P.) acnes prevalence, at up to 38%. 19 Recently, more attention has been focussed upon polymicrobial infections, which may account for 10%-20% of cases. 13 , 14 , 17 Furthermore, studies using molecular diagnostic techniques indicate
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diagnosis of SIJ dysfunction. Clinical evaluation can be supported using radiological complementary examinations (X-rays, MRI, CT scans or tomography). CT scan and MRI have no diagnostic value for micro-traumatic pain of the SIJ but they are mandatory to
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from a number of different molecular pathways 6 that include matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-13), 7 complement component-5, 8 hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) 9 , 10 and inhibition of TGF-β signalling. 11 ‘Studies
