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Rory D. S. Gibson Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK

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Ralf Wagner Ligamenta Spine Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

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J. N. Alastair Gibson The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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using video-assisted thoracoscopic techniques (VATS), 4 , 5 or mini-thoracotomy (mini TTA), 6 there remains a significant risk of complications including paralysis, paresis, pleural tear and pneumothorax. 7 , 8 The alternative direct

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Eduardo Moreira Pinto Orthopaedic and Traumatology Surgery, Spine Division, Entre Douro e Vouga Hospital Center, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal

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Artur Teixeira Orthopaedic and Traumatology Surgery, Spine Division, Entre Douro e Vouga Hospital Center, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal

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Ricardo Frada Orthopaedic and Traumatology Surgery, Spine Division, Entre Douro e Vouga Hospital Center, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal

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Pedro Atilano Orthopaedic and Traumatology Surgery, Spine Division, Entre Douro e Vouga Hospital Center, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal

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António Miranda Orthopaedic and Traumatology Surgery, Spine Division, Entre Douro e Vouga Hospital Center, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal

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, they are also associated with a higher percentage of complications, such as internal fixation loosening and spinous process fracture. 49 Thus, correct patient selection is extremely important when deciding to proceed with this type of technique. On the

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Johannes D Bastian Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Silviya Ivanova Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Ahmed Mabrouk Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom

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Peter Biberthaler Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

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Pedro Caba-Doussoux Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España

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Nikolaos K Kanakaris Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom
Major Trauma Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Leeds, United Kingdom

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with either of the two main fixation strategies and a comprehensive summary of their reported outcomes and complications. Management ‘Single-implant’ strategy Case example 1 A 64-year-old male patient was admitted to a level-one trauma

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Wen-xi Sun State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Wei-qiang Huang State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Hua-yang Li State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Hong-shen Wang State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Sheng-li Guo State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Jie Dong Huizhou Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China

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Bo-lai Chen State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Yong-peng Lin State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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other complications ( 7 , 8 ). The pedicle screw misplacement rates of conventional techniques are 30% and 55% in the lumbar and thoracic spines, respectively ( 9 , 10 , 11 ). This contrasts the reported high success rate of robot-assisted pedicle

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Diogo Lino Moura Spine Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal, Coimbra, Portugal
Anatomy Institute and Orthopedics Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

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intrasomatic cavities with less pressure and covered by impacted bone trabeculae (which work as a shield) and by the walls of the vertebral body, decreases the possibility of cement extravasation, reducing the risks of related complications ( 28 , 33 , 34

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Kamil Cagri Kose Marmara University Faculty of Medicine Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey

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Omer Bozduman Ufuk University Faculty of Medicine Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Ankara, Turkey

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Ali Erkan Yenigul Urfa State Hospital Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey

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Servet Igrek Marmara University Faculty of Medicine Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey

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, angular kyphosis, and those patients who have circumferential fusion over multiple segments, which would preclude performing SPOs. A PSO can also be done in areas of rotation and prior laminectomy, but this may lead to an increased complication rate and is

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Alpaslan Senkoylu Gazi University, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Ankara, Turkey

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Rolf B. Riise Oslo University Hospital, Orthopaedic Clinic, Oslo, Norway

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Emre Acaroglu Ankara Spine Centre, Ankara, Turkey

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Ilkka Helenius University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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complications, EOS is a potentially life-threatening condition that requires early intervention to prevent severe deformity and pulmonary compromise. There are many debatable points and diverse approaches to scoliosis in young children. However, we will focus on

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Qiushi Bai Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Yuanyi Wang Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China

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Jiliang Zhai Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Jigong Wu Chinese People’s Liberation Army Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China

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Yan Zhang Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Yu Zhao Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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symptoms that might be masked preoperatively or aggravated postoperatively ( 12 ). Another consideration is that asymptomatic lesions may cause intra-operative position-related complications. In the prone position, the area of the stenotic spinal canal

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Amer Sebaaly Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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Mohammad Daher Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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Bendy Salameh Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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Ali Ghoul Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon

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Samuel George Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon

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Sami Roukoz Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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can decrease bracing time and increase correction pre operatively with the same neurological complication rate postoperatively ( 48 ). Ruf et al. showed the possible use of pedicle screws in a pediatric population with 1 year of age ( 49 ). However

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Mirza Biscevic Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Aida Sehic Department of Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring, SMS, Louisville, Kentucky, USA

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Ferid Krupic Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden

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, the surgeon and/or hospital responsible for the IONM services must be sure that each provider has adequate training and experience, consistent with the national legislation. Discussion A fear of complications, especially neurological ones, is

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