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Gerardo Fusco Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
These authors contributed equally to the article and should both be considered first authors

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Francesco M. Gambaro Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
These authors contributed equally to the article and should both be considered first authors

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Berardo Di Matteo Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
First Moscow State Medical University – Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia

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Elizaveta Kon Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy

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Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease with a tendency to worsen over time, characterized by articular cartilage degradation, subchondral damage, and bone remodelling, most commonly affecting weight-bearing joints such as

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Mohammad Shahid St Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, M5B1W8, Canada
Walsall Manor Hospital, Moat Road, Walsall, WS2 9PS, UK

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Rik Kundra St Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, M5B1W8, Canada
Walsall Manor Hospital, Moat Road, Walsall, WS2 9PS, UK

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meniscus is an intra-articular structure composed primarily of type 1 collagen. Its main functions are shock absorption, proprioception, lubrication and joint stability. 30 It is vulnerable to repetitive injury which can predispose to osteoarthritis

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Thomas Collins Trauma & Orthopaedics, Wythenshawe Hospital, Wythenshawe, UK

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Dinesh Alexander Trauma & Orthopaedics, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK

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Bilal Barkatali Trauma & Orthopaedics, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK

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can have negative effects such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). 48 For example, Browning et al 49 demonstrated an increase in MMP-1 and MMP-3 in osteoarthritis (OA) synoviocytes

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Arno A. Macken Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amphia Hospital, Breda, Netherlands

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Ante Prkic Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amphia Hospital, Breda, Netherlands

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Izaäk F. Kodde Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Jonathan Lans Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA

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Neal C. Chen Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA

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Denise Eygendaal Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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was gathered. The indications were divided into five categories: acute fracture, primary osteoarthritis, inflammatory arthritis, post-traumatic sequelae and other . The category acute fracture was defined as all categories specifying acute trauma

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Mario Herrera-Pérez Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopaedic Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
Department of Surgery, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

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Victor Valderrabano Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopaedic Department, Schmerzklinik, Basel, Switzerland
University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Alexandre L Godoy-Santos Orthopaedic Department, Hospital Israelita, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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César de César Netto Director of the UIOWA Orthopedic Functional Imaging Research Laboratory (OFIRL), Iowa, USA
Department of Orthopedic and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA

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David González-Martín Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopaedic Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
Department of Surgery, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

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Sergio Tejero Foot and Ankle Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
Department of Surgery, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain

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Introduction Ankle osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease affecting approximately 1% of the world population, with an estimated incidence of 30 cases per 100 000 inhabitants, and corresponds to between 2 and 4% of all patients with general

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Charles Rivière MSK Lab, Imperial College London, UK
South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, UK

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Stefan Lazic South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, UK

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Louis Dagneaux CHU de Montpellier, France

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Catherine Van Der Straeten London Hip Unit, UK

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Justin Cobb MSK Lab, Imperial College London, UK

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Sarah Muirhead-Allwood London Hip Unit, UK

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instructional review aims to clarify and classify the SHRs that are commonly encountered in patients with hip osteoarthritis (OA). Spino-pelvic parameters In order to understand and define the SHR, it is important to understand the significance of the

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Tommaso Bonanzinga IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy

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Pietro Conte IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy

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Giuseppe Anzillotti IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy

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Vincenzo Longobardi IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy

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Elizaveta Kon IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
Department of Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Disaster Surgery, Moscow, Russia

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Maria Rescigno IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy

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Maurilio Marcacci IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy

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Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA), most commonly developing in the knee joint, is the main cause of disability in older adults and is characterized by pain, loss of function, and decreased quality of life (QoL). Nowadays, an estimated 240

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Michael Beverly Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford

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David W Murray Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford

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been little further interest. While research into osteoarthritis has focused mainly on cartilage and synovium at the mechanical, macroscopic, microscopic, cellular, molecular and genetic levels, subchondral vascular aspects have escaped attention ( 12

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Michela Saracco Department of Orthopaedics, ASL Napoli 2 Nord, Naples, Italy

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Vincenzo Ciriello Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Unit, S. Croce e Carle Hospital, Cuneo, Italy

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Fabio D’Angelo Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, ASST Dei Sette Laghi, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

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Luigi Zagra Hip Department, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy

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Giuseppe Solarino Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, AOU Consorziale ‘Policlinico’, Bari, Italy

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Giandomenico Logroscino Department Life, Health and Environmental Sciences—Mininvasive Orthopaedic Surgery, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

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Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease that affects joints, especially hip and knee. Population aging leads to a progressive increase in the incidence of this disease. Half of the world's population aged 65 and older suffer

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Joris Duerinckx Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium

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Frederik Verstreken Monica Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium

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Introduction Osteoarthritis of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (CMC-1) is a common problem and surgical treatment is indicated when conservative measures fail to provide sufficient relief. Of the many surgical treatment options, no

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