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patients. 6 The processes of the scapula (glenoid, coracoid and spine/acromion) do not enjoy the same degree of muscular envelopment, but nevertheless do provide attachments for muscles and ligaments that apply opposing and often balanced forces
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pelvic motion. Pre-operative planning The primary goal of total hip arthroplasty is the anatomic reconstruction of the hip joint, resulting in favourable prosthetic joint load and function. Mechanically, the goals are to create a stable
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. Debridement and reconstruction is possible and safe but it takes slightly longer than open surgery, and there is a risk of potential damage of the radial nerve and to the lateral collateral ligament if the debridement extends posteriorly past the centre of the
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women older than 60 years. 2 Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is the treatment of choice for these fractures. 3 , 4 Achieving rigid internal fixation and anatomical reconstruction by restoring the two columns and the articular
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of the cruciate ligaments. 20 The classic cyclopean lesion occurs after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). A fibrous nodule is fixed just anterolateral to the tibial insertion of the ACL graft. 21 This lesion should be
Centre for Spinal Surgery, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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thoracic spinal cord is particularly vulnerable owing to the thoracic kyphosis pushing the cord against the disc, the denticulate ligament reducing the cord mobility, the large thoracic cord diameter in relation to the smaller spinal canal diameter, and the
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glenohumeral ligaments (HAGL), extended labral detachment, rotator cuff tendon tears and impaction fractures of the humeral head (Hill-Sachs lesion) can also occur. 4 There is no single pathological lesion that is common to all recurrent dislocations
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authors recommend making large T-shaped capsulotomies, 37 while others opt for very small incisions in the capsule with special sutures or devices to help elevate it, 38 and others use a minimally invasive iliofemoral ligament-sparing capsulotomy
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, evident that GPA measured on 3D reconstruction CT scans is the most accurate and reproducible method to assess these fractures. 33 Fig. 3 a) The gleno polar angle (GPA) is normally > 40°, b) GPA is reduced to < 20° due to medialisation and
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mini fragments with 4 cortical screws NF NF Shoulder movements in ABD, anterior elevation & rotation normal NF Ogawa 17 2018 1 Displaced scapular spine fracture ORIF: reconstruction plate, screws, transosseus wire loops 144