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Amer Sebaaly Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bellevue Medical Center University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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Maroun Rizkallah Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bellevue Medical Center University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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Falah Bachour Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bellevue Medical Center University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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Firas Atallah Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bellevue Medical Center University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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Pierre Emmanuel Moreau Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph, Paris, France

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Ghassan Maalouf Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bellevue Medical Center University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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hyperintensity signal on T2 scans, a marker of oedema that is correlated with pain levels and to non-surgical management success ( Fig. 1 ). 8 Percutaneous treatment of these types of fractures consists of bone cement augmentation with or without the use of

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Emmanuele Santolini Academic Unit of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University of Genoa, Italy
Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, LGI, University of Leeds, UK

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Nikolaos K. Kanakaris Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, LGI, University of Leeds, UK

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Peter V. Giannoudis Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, LGI, University of Leeds, UK
NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Center, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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complex fractures. This review aims to highlight recent advances in diagnosis, management and treatment of this challenging fracture group. Classification Many classifications have been proposed to describe sacral fractures; however, being a

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Martin Clementson Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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Anders Björkman Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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Niels O. B. Thomsen Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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grip. 45 With development of minimally invasive, percutaneous techniques there has been a trend towards operative management of non or minimally displaced waist fractures. The short-term advantage of operative treatment is return to work or sports

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Vikki Wylde Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.
National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, UK.

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Andrew Beswick Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.

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Julie Bruce Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK.

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Ashley Blom Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.
National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, UK.
North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.

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Nicholas Howells North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.

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Rachael Gooberman-Hill Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.
National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, UK.

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appropriate, targeted management in this early subacute phase, potentially halting progression into longer-term pain and disability. 15 Despite a good outcome for many, a considerable proportion of patients have chronic pain after TKA. In a systematic

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Miklós Szendrői Department of Orthopaedics, Semmelweis University, H-1082 Budapest, Üllői 78/b, Hungary

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Imre Antal Department of Orthopaedics, Semmelweis University, H-1082 Budapest, Üllői 78/b, Hungary

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Attila Szendrői Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, H-1082 Budapest, Üllői 78/b, Hungary

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Áron Lazáry National Center for Spinal Disorders, H-1126 Budapest, Királyhágó u.1., Hungary

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Péter Pál Varga National Center for Spinal Disorders, H-1126 Budapest, Királyhágó u.1., Hungary

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, hypercalcaemia, etc, which lead to a substantial burden for both the patients and financially for society. This review discusses the diagnostic work-up, prognostic factors, survival and surgical management of the metastatic lesions affecting the spine and long

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Stefano Zaffagnini Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Dipartimento Rizzoli Sicilia, Bagheria (PA), Italy
Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratorio di Biomeccanica e Innovazione Tecnologica, Bologna (BO), Italy

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Alberto Grassi Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Dipartimento Rizzoli Sicilia, Bagheria (PA), Italy
Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratorio di Biomeccanica e Innovazione Tecnologica, Bologna (BO), Italy

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Gianluca Zocco Dipartimento di Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, Scuola Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Università di Messina, Italy

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Michele Attilo Rosa Dipartimento di Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, Scuola Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Università di Messina, Italy

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Cecilia Signorelli Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratorio di Biomeccanica e Innovazione Tecnologica, Bologna (BO), Italy

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Giulio Maria Marcheggiani Muccioli Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Dipartimento Rizzoli Sicilia, Bagheria (PA), Italy
Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratorio di Biomeccanica e Innovazione Tecnologica, Bologna (BO), Italy

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challenging condition from the several points of view of aetiology, evaluation and management. The aim of this narrative review is therefore to present an up-to-date overview of ‘patellofemoral dysplasia’, analysing the possible aetiology, the various

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Luigi Zagra Hip Department, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan Italy

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biomaterials, design and industrial finishing, the per-operative management (blood loss and pain control) and the post-operative protocols (the so called “fast track” surgery). Looking at all these advances the emerging question is: have all of them been

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Kinner Davda Department of Foot & Ankle Surgery, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK

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Karan Malhotra Department of Radiology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK

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Paul O’Donnell Department of Foot & Ankle Surgery, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK

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Dishan Singh Department of Foot & Ankle Surgery, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK

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Nicholas Cullen Department of Foot & Ankle Surgery, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK

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pathologies are frequently encountered in patients with chronic lateral ankle instability or cavovarus hindfoot alignment, and usually result from prolonged, repetitive athletic activities or ankle inversion injuries. The management of these conditions is

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Francisco Figueroa Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile

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David Figueroa Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile

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Sven Putnis Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK

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Rodrigo Guiloff Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile

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Patricio Caro Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile

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João Espregueira-Mendes Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre – FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Portugal
Orthopaedics Department of Minho University, Portugal

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the anatomy and biomechanics, coupled with poor patient outcomes with non-operative management, resulted in the PLC often being labelled as the ‘dark side’ of the knee. 5 In the last two decades, extensive research 6 – 9 has resulted in a

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Pablo Castillón Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital, Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain

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Josep Maria Muñoz Vives Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Althaia Manresa. Manresa, Barcelona, Spain
Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Nostra Senyora de Meritxell, Andorra

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Héctor José Aguado Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid. Valladolid, Spain
Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain

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Arantxa Capel Agundez Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain

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Alina Ortega-Briones Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid. Valladolid, Spain

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Jorge Hassan Núñez Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital, Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain

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the PISCO Investigators †
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the PISCO Investigators

, and recently the second classification has been published ( 15 , 16 ). Management of these fractures is challenging for some reasons: alterations in anatomy, the presence of osteosynthesis fixation devices and phenomena such as stress shielding

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