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active systems. After surgical exposure was performed, the active robots completed the predefined plans without operator intervention. However, the older generation robots added tremendous surgical time and were associated with higher blood loss. 57
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, advantages such as less operation time, less blood loss and safety for patients with poor general health have been reported. 126 In contrast, it has been reported that a single-stage procedure is a safe and efficient way to control infection and
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will reduce operating time, reduce blood loss and preserve bone stock. It does have to be noted that while a new metal ball can be applied to a well-fixed stem without gross taper damage, ceramic manufacturers have concerns over placing a ceramic head