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uncontrollable factors like age, fracture type, damage of femoral head, posterior displacement, associated injuries, and comorbidities and controllable factors, such as timing of surgery, surgical approach, local or systemic complications. Timely and, if possible
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surgical approaches. Clinical preoperative examinations must also assess the patient’s gait, hip range of motion, ipsilateral knee status, lumbosacral spine and fixed or functional deformities. Both the actual and functional limb-length discrepancies must
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obtained (according to the pre-operative planning). Surgical technique During the surgery, the patient is positioned in the supine position with the arm placed on an arm board with a tourniquet. A 4 cm to 5 cm lateral approach is used. After
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subcutaneously from within the approached ray, lifting and tilting the hand to allow for microscopic exposure. Distal to the natatory ligaments, dissection usually becomes more challenging, and, if needed, surgical micro-instruments (mostly scissors) are used
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issues related to surgical exposure, bone loss management and implant selection. 2 In the current article, authors provide a practical guide to approach revision knee surgery. Preoperative evaluation Understanding the cause of the prosthetic
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after Perthes disease, avascular necrosis of the femoral head, together with the development of new surgical approaches and procedures, have revolutionized the field of hip-preserving surgery. Pre-operative workup Conventional radiographs remain
Hand Unit, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
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denervation techniques used ( 3 ). Since Berger's description of the technique of surgical neurectomy of the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) and posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) using the same dorsal approach, numerous surgeons have reported this
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diagnostic outcomes. 19 Management Conservative treatment The objectives of non-surgical treatment are to alleviate pain and improve function. The initial treatment of LSS is non-surgical. The most effective non-surgical treatment is a
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the limitations of its efficacy, nonsurgical treatment remains the initial approach to the management of impingement syndromes. 34 However, most patients will be subjected to surgical approaches to treat this syndrome, mainly when it affects
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with external pressure 23 and consideration of more radical approaches if bleeding remains uncontrolled. Vascular damage should be addressed surgically within 3 to 4 hours 24 of injury, but may be delayed to 6 hours in warm limbs. The