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• Conventional treatment of syndesmosis injuries in rotationally unstable ankle fractures is associated with an unacceptably high rate of malreduction, and this has led to a paradigm shift in the approach to a newer concept of anatomical repair.

• In the anatomical approach, the principle is to ‘directly fix what is broken and repair what is torn’. The approach is effective in reducing the rate of syndesmosis malreduction, increasing the biomechanical strength of syndesmosis fixation and avoiding the need for trans-syndesmotic fixation and its secondary removal.

• The objective of this review article is to compare the conventional treatment of these injuries (accepted usage, general consent, traditional, generally accepted) with a newer anatomical approach to be considered as a shift in thinking.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:24-29. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.170017

• The pathogenesis of hallux valgus deformity is multifactorial. Conservative treatment can alleviate pain but is unable to correct the deformity. Surgical treatment must be adapted to the type and severity of the deformity. Success of surgical treatment ranges from 80% to 95%, and complication rates range from 10% to 30%.

• Ankle osteoarthrosis most commonly occurs as a consequence of trauma. Ankle arthrodesis and total ankle replacement are the most common surgical treatments of end stage ankle osteoarthrosis. Both types of surgery result in similar clinical improvement at midterm; however, gait analysis has demonstrated the superiority of total ankle replacement over arthrodesis. More recently, conservative surgery (extraarticular alignment osteotomies) around the ankle has gained popularity in treating early- to mid-stage ankle osteoarthrosis.

• Adult acquired flatfoot deformity is a consequence of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction in 80% of cases. Classification is based upon the function of the tibialis posterior tendon, the reducibility of the deformity, and the condition of the ankle joint. Conservative treatment includes orthotics and eccentric muscle training. Functional surgery is indicated for treatment in the early stages. In case of fixed deformity, corrective and stabilising surgery is performed.

Cite this article: Crevoisier X, Assal M, Stanekova K. Hallux valgus, ankle osteoarthrosis and adult acquired flatfoot deformity: a review of three common foot and ankle pathologies and their treatments. EFORT Open Rev 2016;1:58–64. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.1.000015.

• Computer-assisted orthopaedic surgery (CAOS) is a real-time navigation guidance system that supports surgeons intraoperatively.

• Its use is reported to increase precision and facilitate less-invasive surgery.

• Advanced intraoperative imaging helps confirm that the initial aim of surgery has been achieved and allows for immediate adjustment when required.

• The complex anatomy of the foot and ankle, and the associated wide range of challenging procedures should benefit from the use of CAOS; however, reports on the topic are scarce.

• This article explores the fields of applications of real-time navigation and CAOS in foot and ankle surgery.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:531-538. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200024

• Current literature has described many of the complications following hallux valgus surgery and their treatment options.

• Iatrogenic transfer metatarsalgia is a distinctive and challenging complication that has not been addressed in a comprehensive fashion yet.

• Iatrogenic transfer metatarsalgia may result from poor preoperative assessment, planning and/or surgical technique.

• We have classified the causes of iatrogenic transfer metatarsalgia based on a multiplanar assessment of the malalignment(s) and are recommending a comprehensive treatment algorithm to guide surgeons in addressing this complication.

• With this knowledge, surgeons may avoid potential pitfalls in the primary surgery that can result in iatrogenic transfer metatarsalgia and find the appropriate treatment option to correct them.