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  • Author: Per Kjaersgaard-Andersen x
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Alan G. Fraser Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK

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Rob G.H.H. Nelissen Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

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Per Kjærsgaard-Andersen Department of Orthopaedics, Vejle Hospital, South Danish University, Vejle, Denmark

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Piotr Szymański Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, MSWiA Central Clinical Hospital, Warsaw, Poland

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Tom Melvin Healthcare Products Regulatory Authority, Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland

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Paul Piscoi Health Technology Unit B6, Directorate General for Health (DG SANTE), European Commission, Brussels, Belgium

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On behalf of the CORE–MD Investigators (see Appendix) Alan Fraser, Piotr Szymański, Chris Gale, Aldo Maggioni, Elisabetta Zanon, Christina Dimopoulou, Cinzia Ceccarelli, Polyxeni Vairami, Anett Ruszanov, Per Kjærsgaard-Andersen, Rob Nelissen, Adrian Ott, Elizabeth Macintyre, Loredana Simulescu, Marieke Meijer, Berthold Koletzko, Sarah Wieczorek, Adamos Hadjipanayis, Stefano Del Torso, Perla Marang-van de Mheen, Lotje Hoogervorst, Ewout W. Steyerberg, Bas Penning De Vries, Peter McCulloch, Martin Landray, Daniel Prieto Alhambra, James Smith, Anne Lubbeke-Wolf, Stefan James, Sergio Buccheri, Robert Byrne, Laurna McGovern, Stephan Windecker, Andre Frenk, Georgios Siontis, Christoph Stettler, Arjola Bano, Lia Bally, Frank E. Rademakers, Jan D‘hooge, Anton Vedder, Elisabetta Biasin, Erik Kamenjasevic, Petra Schnell-Inderst, Felicitas Kühne, Ola Rolfson, Joel Jakobsson, Amanda Tornsö, Enrico G. Caiani, Lorenzo Gianquintieri, Cinzia Cappiello, Maristella Matera, Tom Melvin, Niall MacAleenan, Ria Mahon, Michèle Meagher, Gearóid McGauran, Thomas Wejs Møller, Ann-Sofie Sonne Holm-Schou, Jan Szulc, Robert E. Geertsma, Jantine W.P.M. van Baal, Joëlle M. Hoebert, Susana L.F. Cabaço, Paola Laricchiuta, Marina Torre, Filippo Boniforti, Eugenio Carrani, Stefania Ceccarelli, Claudia Wild, Sabine Ettinger, Juan Antonio Blasco Amaro, Juan Carlos Rejón Parrilla, Agnieszka Dobrzynska, David Epstein, Valentina Strammiello, Hannes Jarke, Kaisa Immonen, Françoise Schlemmer, Sabina Hoekstra, Marianna Mastroroberto, Christoph Ziskoven, Michael Hahn, Erman Melikyan, Richard Holborow, Suzanne Halliday, Alexey Shiryaev, Gero Viola, Harry van Vugt

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In the European Union (EU), the delivery of health services is a national responsibility but there are concerted actions between member states to protect public health. Approval of pharmaceutical products is the responsibility of the European Medicines Agency, while authorising the placing on the market of medical devices is decentralised to independent ‘conformity assessment’ organisations called notified bodies. The first legal basis for an EU system of evaluating medical devices and approving their market access was the Medical Device Directive, from the 1990s. Uncertainties about clinical evidence requirements, among other reasons, led to the EU Medical Device Regulation (2017/745) that has applied since May 2021. It provides general principles for clinical investigations but few methodological details – which challenges responsible authorities to set appropriate balances between regulation and innovation, pre- and post-market studies, and clinical trials and real-world evidence. Scientific experts should advise on methods and standards for assessing and approving new high-risk devices, and safety, efficacy, and transparency of evidence should be paramount. The European Commission recently awarded a Horizon 2020 grant to a consortium led by the European Society of Cardiology and the European Federation of National Associations of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, that will review methodologies of clinical investigations, advise on study designs, and develop recommendations for aggregating clinical data from registries and other real-world sources. The CORE–MD project (Coordinating Research and Evidence for Medical Devices) will run until March 2024. Here, we describe how it may contribute to the development of regulatory science in Europe.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:839-849. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.210081

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Keith Tucker Orthopaedic Data Evaluation Panel (ODEP), Norwich, UK

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Klaus-Peter Günther University Centre of Orthopedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany

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Per Kjaersgaard-Andersen Department of Orthopaedics, Vejle Hospital, South Danish University, Vejle, Denmark

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Jörg Lützner University Centre of Orthopedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany

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Jan Philippe Kretzer Laboratory of Biomechanics and Implant Research, Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

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Rob G.H.H. Nelissen Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

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Toni Lange Center for Evidence-based Healthcare, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany

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Luigi Zagra IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Hip Department, Milan, Italy

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  • Off-label use is frequently practiced in primary and revision arthroplasty, as there may be indications for the application of implants for purposes outside the one the manufacturers intended.

  • Under certain circumstances, patients may benefit from selective application of mix & match. This can refer to primary hip arthroplasty (if evidence suggests that the combination of devices from different manufacturers has superior results) and revision hip or knee arthroplasty (when the exchange of one component only is necessary and the invasiveness of surgery can be reduced).

  • Within the EFORT ‘Implant and Patient Safety Initiative’, evidence- and consensus-based recommendations have been developed for the safe application of off-label use and mix & match in primary as well as revision hip and knee arthroplasty.

  • Prior to the application of a medical device for hip or knee arthroplasty off-label and within a mix & match situation, surgeons should balance the risks and benefits to the patient, obtain informed consent, and document the decision process appropriately.

  • Nevertheless, it is crucial for surgeons to only combine implants that are compatible. Mismatch of components, where their sizes or connections do not fit, may have catastrophic effects and is a surgical mistake.

  • Surgeons must be fully aware of the features of the components that they use in off-label indications or during mix & match applications, must be appropriately trained and must audit their results.

  • Considering the frequent practice of off-label and mix & match as well as the potential medico-legal issues, further research is necessary to obtain more data about the appropriate indications and outcomes for those procedures.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:982-1005. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.210080

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Anne Lübbeke Division of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland
Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK

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Christophe Combescure Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland

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Christophe Barea Division of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland

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Amanda Inez Gonzalez Division of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland

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Keith Tucker Chair Orthopaedic Data Evaluation Panel, UK

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Per Kjærsgaard-Andersen Center for Adult Hip and Knee Reconstruction, Department of Orthopaedics, South Danish University, Vejle Hospital, Denmark

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Tom Melvin School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland

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Alan G Fraser Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK

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Rob Nelissen Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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James A Smith Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Purpose

  • The objective of this systematic review was to give an overview of clinical investigations regarding hip and knee arthroplasty implants published in peer-reviewed scientific medical journals before entry into force of the EU Medical Device Regulation in May 2021.

Methods

  • We systematically reviewed the medical literature for a random selection of hip and knee implants to identify all peer-reviewed clinical investigations published within 10 years before and up to 20 years after regulatory approval. We report study characteristics, methodologies, outcomes, measures to prevent bias, and timing of clinical investigations of 30 current implants. The review process was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.

Results

  • We identified 2912 publications and finally included 151 papers published between 1995 and 2021 (63 on hip stems, 34 on hip cups, and 54 on knee systems). We identified no clinical studies published before Conformité Européene (CE)-marking for any selected device, and no studies even up to 20 years after CE-marking in one-quarter of devices. There were very few randomized controlled trials, and registry-based studies generally had larger sample sizes and better methodology.

Conclusion

  • The peer-reviewed literature alone is insufficient as a source of clinical investigations of these high-risk devices intended for life-long use. A more systematic, efficient, and faster way to evaluate safety and performance is necessary. Using a phased introduction approach, nesting comparative studies of observational and experimental design in existing registries, increasing the use of benefit measures, and accelerating surrogate outcomes research will help to minimize risks and maximize benefits.

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