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Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:568-569. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.200200
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Computed Tomography Research Group, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wels, Austria
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Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is a safe therapy and there are only a few side effects known (such as pain during ESWT and minor haematomata), but no severe complications are to be expected if it is performed as recommended.
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Contraindications are severe coagulopathy for high-energy ESWT, and ESWT with focus on the foetus or embryo and focus on severe infection.
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The effect mechanism of ESWT is still a component of diverse studies, but as far as we can summarize today, it is a similar process to a cascade triggered by mechano-transduction: mechanical energy causes changes in the cellular skeleton, which provokes a reaction of the cell core (for example release of mRNA) to influence diverse cell structures such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, intracellular vesicles, etc., so the enzymatic response leads to the improvement of the healing process.
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The usage of ESWT should be taught, to improve the outcome. Courses should be organized by national societies, since the legal framework conditions are different from one country to another.
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In this update the musculoskeletal indications are addressed (mainly bone and tendons): pseudoarthrosis, delayed fracture healing, bone marrow oedema and osteonecrosis in its early stages, insertional tendinopathies such as plantar fasciitis and Achilles tendon fasciitis, calcifying tendonitis of the rotator cuff, tennis elbow, and wound healing problems.
Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:584-592. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190067
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Multifactorial aetiology defines non-unions, with a biological and a mechanical distortion of the timeline of bone healing.
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Research on new advances to increase osteogenesis and promote non-union healing is strongly directed towards new forms of cell products.
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Basic science and research on non-union treatments is needed to compile preclinical data on new treatments.
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Bone marrow concentration and expanded mesenchymal stromal cells still require extensive clinical research to confirm efficacy in non-union treatment.
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Solid preclinical studies, precise cell product definition and preparation, and appropriate ethical and regulatory approvals are needed to assess new advanced therapy medicinal products.
Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:574-583. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190062
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Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:519-521. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.200300
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The growth plate is the cartilaginous portion of long bones where the longitudinal growth of the bone takes place. Its structure comprises chondrocytes suspended in a collagen matrix that go through several stages of maturation until they finally die, and are replaced by osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and lamellar bone.
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The process of endochondral ossification is coordinated by chondrocytes and a variety of humoral factors including growth hormone, parathyroid hormone, oestrogen, growth factors, cytokines, and various signalling pathways.
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Chondrocytes progress from a resting state to enter the phases of proliferation and hypertrophy. Under the influence of oestrogen, the proliferation of chondrocytes decreases as the resting chondrocytes are consumed. During the terminal phase of differentiation, cartilage is replaced by blood vessels and organized bone tissue, and once chondrocytes have died, the longitudinal growth of the bone ceases and the growth plate closes.
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The highly complex regulatory signals involved in this process are genetically determined, and genetic perturbations in any of the associated genes can result in abnormalities of bone growth. Hundreds of chondrodysplasias have been described, pointing to the complexity of the humoral control systems involved in endochondral ossification.
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While our knowledge of the mechanisms behind the various bone growth control systems is improving, a deeper understanding of the underlying processes could aid clinicians to better understand bone health and bone growth abnormalities. This review describes the current clinical research into the physiology of the growth plate.
Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:498-507. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190088
Center of Research on Psychological and Somatic Disorders (CoRPS), Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
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Center of Research on Psychological and Somatic Disorders (CoRPS), Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
Department of Medical Psychology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, Netherlands
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Center of Research on Psychological and Somatic Disorders (CoRPS), Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
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End-stage osteoarthritis is commonly treated with joint replacement. Despite high clinical success rates, up to 28% of patients are dissatisfied with the outcome.
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This best-evidence synthesis aimed to review studies with different forms of study design and methodology that examined the relationship between (fulfilment of) outcome expectations of hip and knee patients and satisfaction with outcome.
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A literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, Cochrane, and Google Scholar to identify studies conducted up to November 2017. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.
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In this best-evidence synthesis systematic review, the following main results could be seen. In only half of all studies were preoperative expectations associated with level of satisfaction, while in almost all studies (93%), fulfilment of expectations was related to satisfaction. The effect of met expectations did not differ between hip and knee patients or study design.
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Fulfilment of expectations seems to be consistently associated with patient satisfaction with outcome. Emphasis in future research must be placed on the operationalization and measurement of expectations and satisfaction to determine the (strength of the) influence of these different forms of assessment on the (existence of the) relationship.
Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:226-240. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190015
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In cases of suspected scaphoid fracture where the initial radiographs are negative, a supplementary MRI, or alternatively CT, should be carried out within three to five days.
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Fracture classification, assessment of dislocation as well as evaluation of fracture healing is best done on CT with reconstructions in the coronal and sagittal planes, following the longitudinal axis of the scaphoid.
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After adequate conservative management, union is achieved at six weeks for approximately 90% of non-displaced or minimally displaced (≤ 0.5 mm) scaphoid waist fractures.
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Scaphoid waist fractures with moderate displacement (0.5–1.5 mm) can be treated conservatively, but require prolonged cast immobilization for approximately eight to ten weeks.
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Internal fixation is recommended for all scaphoid waist fractures with dislocation ≥ 1.5 mm.
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Distal scaphoid fractures can be treated conservatively. The majority heal uneventfully after four to six weeks of immobilization, depending on fracture type.
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In general, proximal scaphoid fractures should be treated with internal fixation.
Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:96-103. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190025
University Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Serbia
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University Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Serbia
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University Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Serbia
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University Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Serbia
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Amputations have a devastating impact on patients’ health with consequent psychological distress, economic loss, difficult reintegration into society, and often low embodiment of standard prosthetic replacement.
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The main characteristic of bionic limbs is that they establish an interface between the biological residuum and an electronic device, providing not only motor control of prosthesis but also sensitive feedback.
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Bionic limbs can be classified into three main groups, according to the type of the tissue interfaced: nerve-transferred muscle interfacing (targeted muscular reinnervation), direct muscle interfacing and direct nerve interfacing.
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Targeted muscular reinnervation (TMR) involves the transfer of the remaining nerves of the amputated stump to the available muscles.
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With direct muscle interfacing, direct intramuscular implants record muscular contractions which are then wirelessly captured through a coil integrated in the socket to actuate prosthesis movement.
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The third group is the direct interfacing of the residual nerves using implantable electrodes that enable reception of electric signals from the prosthetic sensors. This can improve sensation in the phantom limb.
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The surgical procedure for electrode implantation consists of targeting the proximal nerve area, competently introducing, placing, and fixing the electrodes and cables, while retaining movement of the arm/leg and nerve, and avoiding excessive neural damage.
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Advantages of bionic limbs are: the improvement of sensation, improved reintegration/embodiment of the artificial limb, and better controllability.
Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:65-72. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.180038
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A vulnerable participant in research lacks capacity to consent or may be exposed to coercion to participate. Capacity may be temporarily impaired due to loss of consciousness, hypoxia, pain and the consumption of alcohol or elicit substances.
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To advance emergency care, providing life-threatening measures in life-threatening circumstances, vulnerable patients are recruited into research studies. The urgent need for time-critical treatment conflicts with routine informed consent procedures.
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This article reviews ethical considerations and moral obligations to safeguard these participants and preserve their autonomy.
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A particular focus is given to research methodology to waive consent, and the role of ethics committees, research audits, research nurses and community engagement.
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Research on the acutely unwell patient who lacks capacity is possible with well-designed research trials that are led by investigators who are sufficiently trained, engage the community, gain ethical approval to waive consent and continuously audit practice.
Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:73-79. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.180051
