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Musculoskeletal tumours of foot or ankle make up about 4–5% of all musculoskeletal tumours. Fortunately, about 80% of them are benign. However, due to the rarity and low prevalence of each single tumour entity, diagnosis is often difficult and delayed.

Ultrasonography is an important diagnostic tool to safely recognize ganglion cysts as a frequently encountered ‘bump’ in the foot.

In suspicious lesions, malignancy must be excluded histologically in a tumour center by biopsy after imaging procedures using x-ray, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Most of the benign tumours do not require any further surgical therapy. Resection should be performed in the case of locally aggressive tumour growth or local symptoms of discomfort. In contrast to malignant tumours, the primary purpose in the resection is the least possible loss of function.

Chronic traumatic anterior shoulder instability can be defined as recurrent trauma-associated shoulder instability requiring the assessment of three anatomic lesions: a capsuloligamentous and/or labral lesion; anterior glenoid bone loss and a Hill–Sachs lesion.

Surgical treatment is generally indicated. It remains controversial how risk factors should be evaluated to decide between a soft-tissue, free bone-block or Latarjet-type procedure.

Patient risk factors for recurrence are age; hyperlaxity; competitive, contact and overhead sports. Trauma-related factors are soft tissue lesions and most importantly bone loss with implications for treatment.

Different treatment options are discussed and compared for complications, return to sports parameters, short- and long-term outcomes and osteoarthritis.

Arthroscopic Bankart and open Latarjet procedures have a serious learning curve. Osteoarthritis is associated with the number of previous dislocations as well as surgical techniques.

Latarjet-type procedures have the lowest rate of dislocation recurrence and if performed correctly, do not seem to increase the risk of osteoarthritis.

Cold physical plasma (CPP) technology is of high promise for various medical applications.

The interplay of specific components of physical plasma with living cells, tissues and organs on a structural and functional level is of paramount interest with the aim to induce therapeutic effects in a controlled and replicable fashion.

In contrast to other medical disciplines such as dermatology and oromaxillofacial surgery, research reports on CPP application in orthopaedics are scarce.

The present implementation of CPP in orthopaedics involves surface modifications of orthopaedic materials and biomaterials to optimize osseointegration. In addition, the influence of CPP on musculoskeletal cells and tissues is a focus of research, including possible adverse reactions and side effects. Its bactericidal aspects make CPP an attractive supplement to current treatment regimens in case of microbial inflammations such as periprosthetic joint infections. Attributed anticancerogenic and pro-apoptotic effects underline the clinical relevance of CPP as an additive in treating malignant bone lesions.

The present review outlines ongoing research in orthopaedics involving CPP; it distinguishes considerations for safe application and the need for more evidence-based research to facilitate robust clinical implementation.

This review summarizes the sclerotic zone's pathophysiology, characterization, formation process, and impact on femoral head necrosis.

The sclerotic zone is a reaction interface formed during the repair of femoral head necrosis.

Compared with normal bone tissue, the mechanical properties of the sclerotic zone are significantly enhanced.

Many factors influence the formation of the sclerotic zone, including mechanics, bone metabolism, angiogenesis, and other biological processes.

The sclerotic zone plays an essential role in preventing the collapse of the femoral head and can predict the risk of the collapse of the femoral head.

Regulating the formation of the sclerotic zone of the femoral head has become a direction worthy of study in treating femoral head necrosis.

Convulsions are a neurological illness that has complexity. In clinical treatment, drug-induced convulsions appear from time to time. Drug-induced convulsions often begin as isolated acute seizures but may progress to persistent seizures. In orthopedics, topical administration of tranexamic acid is commonly used in conjunction with intravenous drip to achieve hemostasis during artificial joint replacement surgery. However, side effects induced by tranexamic acid accidental spinal administration should be taken seriously.

We report a case of a middle-aged male treated with tranexamic acid locally in combination with intravenous drip for intraoperative hemostasis when undergoing spinal surgery. The patient had involuntary convulsions in both lower limbs after the operation. After symptomatic administration, the symptoms of convulsions gradually resolved. During the follow-up, the convulsions never occurred again. We reviewed the literature on cases with side effects of local tranexamic acid application in spinal surgery and discussed the mechanism of tranexamic acid-induced convulsions.

Tranexamic acid is associated with an increased incidence of postoperative seizures. However, many clinicians are unaware that tranexamic acid causes seizures. This rare case summarized the risk factors and clinical features of these seizures. Moreover, it highlights several clinical and preclinical studies that offer mechanistic insights into the potential causes and treatments for tranexamic acid-associated seizures. A clear understanding of tranexamic acid-induced convulsions-related adverse reactions can help the first-line clinical screening of causes and adjustment of drug treatment. This review will aid the medical community by increasing awareness about tranexamic acid-associated seizures and translating scientific findings into therapeutic interventions for patients.

Radiofrequency (RF) is a minimally invasive technique for disrupting or altering nociceptive pathways to treat musculoskeletal neuropathic and nociplastic pain.

RF has been employed to treat painful shoulder, lateral epicondylitis, knee and hip osteoarthritis, chronic knee pain, Perthes disease, greater trochanteric pain syndrome, plantar fasciitis, and painful stump neuromas; it has also been employed before and after painful total knee arthroplasty and after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

The benefits of RF include the following:it is safer than surgery; there is no need for general anaesthesia, thereby reducing adverse effects; it alleviates pain for a minimum of 3–4 months; it can be repeatable if necessary; and it improves joint function and minimizes the need for oral pain medication.

RF is contraindicated for pregnant women; unstable joints (hip, knee, and shoulder); uncontrolled diabetes mellitus; presence of an implanted defibrillator; and chronic joint infection (hip, knee, and shoulder).

Although adverse events from RF are unusual, potential complications can include infection, bleeding, numbness or dysesthesia, increased pain at the procedural site, deafferentation effect, and Charcot joint neuropathy.

Although there is a risk of damaging non-targeted neural tissue and other structures, this can be mitigated by performing the technique under imaging guidance (fluoroscopy, ultrasonography, and computed tomography).

RF appears to be a valuable technique for alleviating chronic pain syndromes; however, firm proof of the technique’s efficacy is still required.

RF is a promising technique for managing chronic musculoskeletal of the limbs pain, particularly when other techniques are futile or not possible.

This review of bone perfusion introduces a new field of joint physiology, important in understanding osteoarthritis.

Intraosseous pressure (IOP) reflects conditions at the needle tip rather than being a constant for the whole bone. Measurements of IOP in vitro and in vivo, with and without proximal vascular occlusion confirm that cancellous bone is perfused at normal physiological pressures.

Alternate proximal vascular occlusion may be used to give a perfusion range or bandwidth at the needle tip more useful than a single IOP measure.

Bone fat is essentially liquid at body temperature. Subchondral tissues are relatively delicate but are micro-flexible. They tolerate huge pressures with loading.

Collectively, the subchondral tissues transmit load mainly by hydraulic pressure to the trabeculae and cortical shaft.

Normal MRI scans demonstrate subchondral vascular marks which are lost in early osteoarthritis.

Histological studies confirm the presence of those marks and possible subcortical choke valves which support hydraulic pressure load transmission.

Osteoarthritis appears to be at least partly a vasculo-mechanical disease. Understanding subchondral vascular physiology will be key to better MRI classification and prevention, control, prognosis and treatment of osteoarthritis and other bone diseases.