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Anatomy Institute and Orthopedics Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Purpose
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The aim of the study was to assess the role of kyphoplasty and expandable intravertebral implants in the treatment of traumatic vertebral compression fractures.
Design
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This is a systematic review.
Methods
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A bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed/MEDLINE database according to PRISMA guidelines regarding kyphoplasty and expandable intravertebral implants in the treatment of traumatic thoracolumbar vertebral fractures.
Results
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A total of 611 records were screened. In total, 51 studies were obtained referring to traumatic vertebral fractures treated with kyphoplasty; however, of these, only studies addressing traumatic burst fractures were selected, resulting in 12 studies: 10 about kyphoplasty and 2 regarding armed kyphoplasty. In all studies, there was a statistically significant improvement in clinical and functional parameters, restoration of vertebral height and decreasing of vertebral and segmental kyphosis. Overall, there was only a residual loss of height and a slight increase in kyphosis throughout the follow-up period, while complications consisted essentially of cement leakage, all with no clinical repercussions.
Conclusion
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After the discussion, where we address the concepts of direct and indirect reduction, the association of kyphoplasty with pedicle fixation, the potential advantages of expandable intravertebral implants, as well as the vertebral body type of filling in kyphoplasty, it is concluded that kyphoplasty demonstrates favorable outcomes as a method of posterior percutaneous transpedicular access for reconstruction of the anterior column in burst fractures. It allows for the reconstruction of the vertebral body closer to its original anatomy, carried out in a minimally invasive and safe way, which provides a clinical-functional and imaging improvement maintained at the medium–long term.
Institut du mouvement et de l’appareil locomoteur, Marseille, France
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Varus knees with associated cartilage pathologies are not uncommon scenarios that present to orthopaedic surgeons.
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There is no agreement on the ideal management of varus knees with concomitant cartilage pathology.
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Through a literature review, the authors tried to answer three main questions:
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On October 2022, OVID MEDLINE, EMBASE, and COCHRANE databases were searched. Clinical studies reporting on clinical, radiologic, or macroscopic cartilage regeneration following either isolated knee osteotomy or concomitant osteotomy and a cartilage procedure were reviewed.
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Despite controversies, the literature demonstrated favourable outcomes of combined knee osteotomy and a cartilage procedure in patients with substantial deformity and cartilage defects.
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Isolated high tibial osteotomy may induce cartilage regeneration in several scenarios and severities of concomitant malalignment and cartilage defects.
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There are recommendations that knee osteotomy should be added to a cartilage procedure when an extra-articular deformity of > 5° is detected.
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Some studies report good outcomes for combining a knee osteotomy with cartilage grafting, but they lack a control group of isolated osteotomy.
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There is still scarce of evidence on the influence of osteotomies on cartilage regeneration and the outcomes of concomitant osteotomy and different cartilage procedures vs isolated osteotomies.
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With advanced statistical evaluation (artificial intelligence, machine learning) of big datasets, more answers and better results will be delivered.
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
Fondazione Livio Sciutto Onlus, Campus Savona - Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Magliotto 2, Savona, Italy
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IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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Fondazione Livio Sciutto Onlus, Campus Savona - Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Magliotto 2, Savona, Italy
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The number of primary total hip arthroplasties (THAs) and revisions is expected to steadily grow in the future. The femoral revision surgery can be technically demanding whether severe bone defects need to be addressed.
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The femoral revision aims to obtain a proper primary stability of the stem with a more proximal fixation as possible. Several authors previously proposed classification systems to describe the morphology of the bony femoral defect and to drive accordingly the surgeon in the revision procedure.
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The previous classifications mainly considered cortical and medullary bone at the level of the defect of poor quality by definition. Therefore, the surgical strategies aimed to achieve a distal fixation bypassing the defect or to fill the defect with bone impaction grafting or structured bone grafts up to the replacement of the proximal femur with megaprosthesis.
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The consensus on a comprehensive and reliable classification system and management algorithm is still lacking. A new classification system should be developed taking into account the bone quality. The rationale of a new classification is that ‘functional’ residual bone stock could be present at the level of the defect. Therefore, it can be used to achieve a primary (mechanical) and secondary (biological) stability of the implants with a femoral fixation more proximal as possible.
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Aim
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The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of floating hip injury and attempt to provide a management algorithm.
Methods
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PubMed was searched using the terms ‘Floating hip’ or ‘acetabular fracture’ and ‘Ipsilateral femoral fracture’ or ‘pelvic fracture’ and ‘Ipsilateral femoral fracture’. One author performed a preliminary review of the abstracts and references of the retrieved articles.
Results
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The mean injury severe score reported was higher than 20. Chest and abdominal injuries, as well as fractures at other sites, were the most common associated injuries. Despite the high disability rate, surgery remained the preferred option for managing these injuries. The surgical timing varied from a few hours to several days and was subjected to the principles of damage control orthopedics. Although, in most cases, fixation of femoral fractures took precedence over pelvic or acetabular fractures, there was still a need to consider the impact of damage control orthopedics, associated injuries, and surgeon's considerations and preferences. Posttraumatic arthritis, neurological deficits, heterotopic ossification, femoral head necrosis, femoral nonunion, and limb inequality were common complications of the floating hip injury.
Conclusions
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The severity of such injuries often exceeds that of an isolated injury and often requires specialized multidisciplinary treatment. In the management of these complex cases, the complexity and severity of the injury should be fully assessed, and an appropriate surgical plan should be developed to perform definitive surgery as early as possible, with attention to prevention of complications during the perioperative period.
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Purpose
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The fixation method of distal, extra-articular femur fractures is a controversially discussed. To ensure better stability itself, earlier mobilization and to prevent blood loss – all these are justifications for addressing the femur via reamed intramedullary nailing (RIMN). Anatomical reposition of multifragmentary fractures followed by increased risks of non-union are compelling reasons against it. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature for rates of non-union and wound infection, as well as blood loss and time of surgery.
Methods
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According to the PRISMA guidelines we conducted this systematic review by searching the Cochrane, PubMed, Ovid, MedLine, and Embase databases. Inclusion criteria were the modified Coleman methodology score (mCMS) >60, age >18 years, and extra-articular fractures of the distal femur. Biomechanical and animal studies were excluded. By referring to title and abstract relevant articles were reviewed independently. In the consecutive meta-analysis, we compared 9 studies and 639 patients.
Results
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There is no statistically significant difference comparing superficial wound infections when RIMN was performed (OR = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.18 – 1.42; P = 0.19) as well as in deep wound infections (OR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.19–2.81; P = 0.62). However, these results were not significant. We also calculated for potential differences in the rate of non-unions depending on the surgical treatment applied. Data of 556 patients revealed an overall number of 43 non-unions. There was no significant difference in rate of non-unions between both groups (OR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.51–1.85; P = 0.92).
Conclusion
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No statistical difference was found in our study among RIMN and plate fixation in the treatment of distal femoral fractures with regard to the incidence of non-union and wound infections. Therefore, the indication for RIMN or plating should be made individually and based on the surgeon’s experience.
Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Muskuloskelettales Zentrum München (MUM), Marchionostraße, Munich, Germany
Justus Maximilian University Wuerzburg, König-Ludwig-Haus, Brettreichstraße, Würzburg, Germany
Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität, Strubergasse, Salzburg, Austria
Working Group Clinical Tissue Regeneration of the German Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (DGOU), Berlin, Germany
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Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Muskuloskelettales Zentrum München (MUM), Marchionostraße, Munich, Germany
Working Group Clinical Tissue Regeneration of the German Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (DGOU), Berlin, Germany
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Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), DOUW - Abteilung für Unfall- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Ernst-Grube-Straße, Halle, Germany
BG-Klinikum Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Saale, Germany
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The working group ‘Clinical Tissue Regeneration’ of the German Society of Orthopedics and Traumatology (DGOU) issues this paper with updating its guidelines.
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Literature was analyzed regarding different topics relevant to osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT) treatment. This process concluded with a statement for each topic reflecting the best scientific evidence available with a grade of recommendation. All group members rated the statements to identify possible gaps between literature and current clinical practice.
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Fixation of a vital bony fragment should be considered in large fragments. In children with open physis, retrograde drilling seems to work better than in adults, but even there, the revision rate reaches 50%. The literature supports debridement with bone marrow stimulation (BMS) in lesions smaller than 1.0 cm² without bony defect. The additional use of a scaffold can be recommended in lesions larger than 1.0 cm². For other scaffolds besides AMIC®/Chondro-Gide®, there is only limited evidence. Systematic reviews report good to excellent clinical results in 87% of the patients after osteochondral transplantation (OCT), but donor site morbidity is of concern, reaching 16.9%. There is no evidence of any additional benefit from autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI). Minced cartilage lacks any supporting data. Metallic resurfacing of OLT can only be recommended as a second-line treatment. A medial malleolar osteotomy has a minor effect on the clinical outcome compared to the many other factors influencing the clinical result.
University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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The Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Center of the University of Basel (KWUB), Basel, Switzerland
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Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Clarunis, University Digestive Health Care Center, St. Clara Hospital and University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
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The Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Center of the University of Basel (KWUB), Basel, Switzerland
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Synovial sarcoma is a rare and highly malignant soft tissue sarcoma. The inconspicuous and diversity of its early symptoms make it a highly misdiagnosed disease.
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The management of synovial sarcomas is challenging as they are rare and have a poor prognosis. Early and correct diagnosis and treatment are critical for clinical outcomes. Misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis can have devastating consequences for the patient.
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The detection of SS18 gene rearrangement is considered a powerful tool in establishing the diagnosis of synovial sarcomas. Biopsies and testing for gene rearrangements are recommended for all patients in whom SS cannot be excluded.
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Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for synovial sarcomas. Neoadjuvant/adjuvant radiotherapy is recommended for patients with big tumors (>5 cm) or positive resection margins, and neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended for patients with high-risk tumors or advanced diseases.
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This article reviews synovial sarcomas from the perspectives of clinical and radiological presentation, histological and cytogenetic analysis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
Clínica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
Universidad Andrés Bello, Hospital del Trabajador, Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
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Sanatorio Güemes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Teodoro Álvarez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Spine Unit, Department of Traumatology, Clínica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
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Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
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Isolated cervical spine facet fractures are often overlooked.
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The primary imaging modality for diagnosing these injuries is a computed tomography scan.
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Treatment of unilateral cervical facet fractures without evidence of dislocation or subluxation remains controversial. The available evidence regarding treatment options for these fractures is of low quality.
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Risk factors associated with the failure of nonoperative treatment are: comminution of the articular mass or facet joint, acute radiculopathy, high body mass index, listhesis exceeding 2 mm, fragmental diastasis, acute disc injury, and bilateral fractures or fractures that adversely affect 40% of the intact lateral mass height or have an absolute height of 1 cm.
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Background
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The current systematic review aimed to answer the following questions: (i) Does extended curettage combined with the PMMA technique for the treatment of aggressive bone tumors around the knee led to the development of knee osteoarthritis? (ii) What factors are associated with osteoarthritis after bone cementation around the knee joint?
Methods
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This study was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. All electronic searches were performed on November 20, 2022, by a single researcher who evaluated the full texts of potentially eligible studies to determine inclusion. In these patients, the presence of osteoarthritis secondary to the surgical procedure was investigated. Data extracted included study type, characteristics of participants, sample size, gender, tumor site (femur or tibia), secondary osteoarthritis, tumor volume, distance from the joint cartilage, reoperation, follow-up time, Campanacci grade, and pathological fracture.
Results
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In total, 11 studies comprising 204 patients were evaluated, and it was found that 61 (30%) patients developed knee osteoarthritis due to extensive curettage and bone cement application for benign aggressive tumor treatment. According to the results obtained based the random effects model with the 11 studies included in the meta-analysis, the mean odds ratio of development knee OA with the 95% CI was calculated as −2.77 (−3.711, −1.83), which was statistically significant (z = −5.79; P < 0.000).
Conclusion
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The association of distance between the tumor and joint cartilage and development of osteoarthritis was not shown in this meta-analysis.
Level of Evidence
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Level IV prognostic study.
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Department of Orthopaedics, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard, Aarhus, Denmark
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Purpose
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The objective of this scoping review was to describe the extent and type of evidence of using guided growth to correct rotational deformities of long bones in children.
Methods
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This scoping review was conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. All published and unpublished studies investigating surgical methods using guided growth to perform gradual rotation of long bones were included.
Results
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Fourteen studies were included: one review, three clinical studies, and ten preclinical studies. In the three clinical studies, three different surgical methods were used on 21 children. Some degree of rotation was achieved in all but two children. Adverse effects reported included limb length discrepancy (LLD), knee stiffness and rebound of rotation after removal of tethers. Of the ten preclinical studies, two were ex vivo and eight were in vivo. Rotation was achieved in all preclinical studies. Adverse effects reported included implant extrusions, LLD, articular deformities, joint stiffness and rebound of rotation after removal of tethers. Two of the studies reported on histological changes.
Conclusions
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All studies conclude that guided growth is a potential treatment for rotational deformities of long bones. There is great variation in animal models and surgical methods used and in reported adverse effects. More research is needed to shed light on the best surgical guided growth method, its effectiveness as well as the involved risks and complications. Based on current evidence the procedure is still to be considered experimental.
Level of evidence
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4
